{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T22:59:21Z","timestamp":1768949961896,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hemodialysis International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Hemodialysis water distribution systems represent a critical component of dialysis treatment, requiring meticulous design and material selection to ensure water purity and patient safety. Recent advances in biomaterial science and fluid dynamics have revolutionized our understanding of optimal system design, particularly regarding biofilm mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This review examines cutting\u2010edge developments in water distribution loop design, focusing on novel approaches to flow dynamics optimization, next\u2010generation material compatibility, and innovative disinfection protocols specifically tailored for dialysis applications. We present a comprehensive evaluation of both traditional and emerging piping materials.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The analysis incorporates recent clinical data on material performance in actual dialysis centers, including polyvinylchloride (PVC), chlorinated PVC (CPVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), cross\u2010linked polyethylene (PEX), and stainless steel. The manuscript introduces a new paradigm for maintaining adequate flow velocities (1.5\u20136\u2009feet per second [FPS]) through dynamic flow modulation technology. Furthermore, we detail groundbreaking construction techniques that reduce contamination risks and analyze the latest disinfection methods, presenting clinical evidence supporting the superiority of pulsed\u2010thermal disinfection systems (80\u00b0C\u201385\u00b0C with variable pressure cycles) for biofilm prevention. The discussion challenges traditional PVC system dogma and presents a compelling case for smart material systems like nano\u2010enhanced PEX and antimicrobial stainless steel, supported by longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Finally, we address the critical practical considerations of cost, operational logistics, and regulatory compliance that influence the adoption of these advanced technologies in modern dialysis installations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.70037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:55:30Z","timestamp":1764665730000},"page":"26-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water Distribution Systems for Hemodialysis: Design and Materials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9867-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faissal","family":"Tarrass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Hemodialysis 2 Mars Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Benjelloun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Hemodialysis 2 Mars Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meryem","family":"Benjelloun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Hemodialysis 2 Mars Casablanca Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2024.2350285"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.13174"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perspectives on Water Utilization in Hemodialysis: Nephrologists' Responsibilities","volume":"54","author":"Abraham R.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Purification"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104253"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20105868"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2016.06.016"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trial of New High\u2010Purity Piping System (PVDF\u2010BCF System)","volume":"22","author":"Okubo E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Purification"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.24858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2021.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17040535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0307174X0603300403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-022-05558-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/bgs.2023.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"683","article-title":"Design Requirements for a Water Distribution System in a Hemodialysis Center","volume":"31","author":"Andrysiak P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dialysis & Transplantation"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-023-01290-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136320"}],"container-title":["Hemodialysis International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hdi.70037","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/hdi.70037","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hdi.70037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:38:54Z","timestamp":1768901934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hdi.70037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/hdi.70037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hdi.70037","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1492-7535","1542-4758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1492-7535","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-4758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}