{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:00:43Z","timestamp":1793048443241,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,20]],"date-time":"2012-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Glutamate (\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu) and glutamine (\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ln) are strongly compartmentalized (in neurons for\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu and in astrocytes for\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ln). The visual cortex is the brain region with a higher neuron\/astrocyte ratio (the highest neuronal density and the relatively lowest density of astrocytes). Elevations in extracellular\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu or potassium above certain thresholds are likely candidates to be the final common steps in the multiple distinct processes that can lead to cortical spreading depression. Astrocytes play a key role in this phenomenon, by acting as a sink for extracellular\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu and potassium, as well as generally acting as a buffer for the ionic and neurochemical changes that initiate and propagate cortical spreading depression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n The purpose of this study was to quantify\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu and\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ln to generate\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu\/\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ln ratios in women with migraine during the interictal state compared with healthy control women.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty\u2010seven patients with migraine (8 with aura and 19 without aura) and 19 matched healthy controls were included in the study. We performed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the anterior paracingulate cortex and occipital cortex (\n OC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Spectral analysis was performed by\n LCM<\/jats:styled-content>\n odel, allowing a separation of\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu and\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ln using a 3\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n machine.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The main result was a significantly higher\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu\/\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ln ratio in the\n OC<\/jats:styled-content>\n of migraine patients compared with healthy control subjects (4.87 for migraineurs [standard deviation (\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2009=\u20092.74] and 3.42 for controls [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20091.52],\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.042). We also observed higher\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu levels (6.98 for migraineurs [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.85] and 6.22 for controls [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.97],\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.007) and\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu\/creatine\u2009+\u2009phosphocreatine ratio (1.18 for migraineurs [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.18] and 1.00 for controls [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.16],\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.001) in anterior paracingulate cortex in migraine patients but saw no differences in\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu\/\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ln ratio (2.79 for migraineurs [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20091.11] and 2.63 for controls [\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20091.61],\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.68).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings are consistent with glutamatergic differences in migraine patients during the interictal period compared with healthy controls. We hypothesize that an increased\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n lu\/\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n ln ratio could arise from neuronal\u2013glial coupling of glutamatergic metabolism differences or an increased neuron\/astrocyte ratio in the\n OC<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,21]],"date-time":"2012-12-21T23:17:17Z","timestamp":1356131837000},"page":"365-375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Higher Glutamate to Glutamine Ratios in Occipital Regions in Women With Migraine During the Interictal State"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez de la Aleja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neuroradiolog\u00eda Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Alzheimer Project Queen Sofia Foundation\u2014CIBERNED Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Mato\u2010Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Project Queen Sofia Foundation\u2014CIBERNED Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Medical Image Analysis Laboratory Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Salio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Tamames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Project Queen Sofia Foundation\u2014CIBERNED Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Medical Image Analysis Laboratory Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid 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