{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:37:13Z","timestamp":1762101433911,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]],"date-time":"2013-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the extent of measurement error arising from rounding in headache frequency reporting (days per month) in a population sample of headache sufferers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When reporting numerical health information, individuals tend to round their estimates. The tendency to round to the nearest 5 days when reporting headache frequency can distort distributions and engender unreliability in frequency estimates in both clinical and research contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This secondary analysis of the 2005\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      merican\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      igraine\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      revalence and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      revention study survey characterized the population distribution of 30\u2010day headache frequency among community headache sufferers and determined the extent of numerical rounding (\u201cheaping\u201d) in self\u2010reported data. Headache frequency distributions (days per month) were examined using a simplified version of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ang and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      eitjan's approach to heaping to estimate the probability that headache sufferers round to a multiple of 5 when providing frequency reports. Multiple imputation was used to estimate a theoretical \u201ctrue\u201d headache frequency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 24,000 surveys, headache frequency data were available for 15,976 respondents diagnosed with migraine (68.6%), probable migraine (8.3%), or episodic tension\u2010type headache (10.0%); the remainder had other headache types. The mean number of headaches days\/month was 3.7 (standard deviation\u2009=\u20095.6). Examination of the distribution of headache frequency reports revealed a disproportionate number of responses centered on multiples of 5 days. The odds that headache frequency was rounded to 5 increased by 24% with each 1\u2010day increase in headache frequency (odds ratio: 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.23 to 1.25), indicating that heaping occurs most commonly at higher headache frequencies. Women were more likely to round than men, and rounding decreased with increasing age and increased with symptoms of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because of the coarsening induced by rounding, caution should be used when distinguishing between episodic and chronic headache sufferers using self\u2010reported estimates of headache frequency. Unreliability in frequency estimates is of particular concern among individuals with high\u2010frequency (chronic) headache. Employing shorter recall intervals when assessing headache frequency, preferably using daily diaries, may improve accuracy and allow more precise estimation of chronic migraine onset and remission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]],"date-time":"2013-05-30T17:33:35Z","timestamp":1369935215000},"page":"908-919","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Rounding Behavior in the Reporting of Headache Frequency Complicates Headache Chronification Research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Timothy T.","family":"Houle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana P.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Houle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houle Psychology Clinic  Southbury CT USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Smitherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Mississippi  Oxford MS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald B.","family":"Penzien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head Pain Center University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson MS USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Epidemiology and Population Health and the Montefiore Headache Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01666.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition","volume":"24","author":"International Headache Society","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411417901"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12127"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00305-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802122388"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0591-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1990.10476202"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3281"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.192492"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01369.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310645.31020.b1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000265212.90735.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2006.01275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.suppl_1.S20"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01678.x"}],"container-title":["Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fhead.12126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/head.12126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T11:05:42Z","timestamp":1762081542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/head.12126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/head.12126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.12126","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-8748","1526-4610"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0017-8748"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1526-4610"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]]}}}