{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:25:01Z","timestamp":1791473101520,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The focus of this review is to review potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers associated with migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine headache is a common disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Although well\u2010accepted diagnostic criteria exist for migraine, it is still a complex disorder that remains both underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. The causes of migraine are likely a mix of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that, together with the individual's life history, translate into the observed clinical heterogeneity. Inherent clinical heterogeneity is an obstacle in developing more effective treatments. The lack of appropriate biomarkers is also an impediment to developing more effective therapeutic\/preventive approaches. Ultimately, biomarkers may facilitate the goal of individualized medicine by enabling clinicians to more accurately diagnose and treat migraine and other types of headache.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive review was conducted of PubMed citations containing the key word \u201cmarker\u201d\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u201cbiomarker\u201d combined with \u201cmigraine\u201d\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u201cheadache.\u201d Other key words included \u201cserum,\u201d \u201csaliva,\u201d \u201ccerebrospinal fluid,\u201d \u201cgenes,\u201d \u201cblood,\u201d and \u201cinflammation.\u201d The only restriction was English\u2010language publication. The abstracts of all articles meeting these criteria were reviewed, and full text was retrieved and examined for relevant references.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from human studies have begun to identify genetic mutations\/polymorphisms and altered levels of specific proinflammatory and neuromodulatory molecules that strongly correlate with migraine as well as symptom severity. Results from a smaller number of studies have identified parameters, such as the neuropeptide calcitonin gene\u2010related peptide (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CGRP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), which are significantly associated with response to specific treatments for acute migraine attacks and prophylaxis. Epigenetic mechanisms may also be involved in the development of migraine, and understanding environmentally induced genetic changes associated with this disease may eventually guide the development of therapies capable of reversing these pathophysiological changes in gene function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The understanding of the etiology of migraine is incomplete. Although the identification and validation of biomarkers has greatly advanced diagnostic precision and measures of therapeutic efficacy in other diseases, there are no currently accepted biomarkers for chronic or episodic migraine. However, the continued investigation and identification of genetic, epigenetic, and molecular biomarkers is likely to facilitate the goal of individualizing medicine by enabling clinicians to more accurately diagnose and treat migraine and other headache disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T12:27:35Z","timestamp":1373632055000},"page":"1262-1277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Biomarkers Associated With Migraine and Their Potential Role in Migraine Management"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Durham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan Valley Innovation Center \u2013 Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences Missouri State University  Springfield MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Papapetropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine  Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70348-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"The international classification of headache disorders, 2nd edition","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181c1dc56"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2009.01941.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410381145"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405275554"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70358-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-71"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00498.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.113989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200809-107LC"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Biomarkers for chronic pain and analgesia. Part 1: The need, reality, challenges, and solutions","volume":"11","author":"Borsook D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl334"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.856"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2307"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.3.781"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0623-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200103000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00689.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.269084"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000036617.04943.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01484.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"505","article-title":"Adipocytokines \u2013 Novel link between inflammation and vascular function?","volume":"57","author":"Guzik TJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","first-page":"1276","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines in children with migraine with or without aura","volume":"62","author":"Kacinski M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.30.541"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000229685.37402.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction and endothelial changes in migraine sufferers","volume":"53","author":"Rossato A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.547901"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410390396"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016110790226697"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00958.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00232-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.02048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.9.1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of melatonin in migraines and other headache types","volume":"6","author":"Gagnier JJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-008-0047-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01547.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.4.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01717.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.00246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01152.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411421682"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01016.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct0910887"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306147101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.04.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931903"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100159"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.02022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Medications for migraine prophylaxis","volume":"73","author":"Modi S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S9742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00750.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2006.01234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00722.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-7-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1995.1506489.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410383589"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00316-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2010.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191078"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e3180457635"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5541-09.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-008-0026-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410391487"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.93840"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.1.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000070187"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720300005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01200.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411419022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-66"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10048-009-0176-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Homozygous deletion genotype of angiotensin converting enzyme confers protection against migraine in man","volume":"14","author":"Lin JJ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.10.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000008151"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-011-0314-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-010-0202-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01713.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01727.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01566.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1996.1601056.x"}],"container-title":["Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fhead.12174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/head.12174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:57:26Z","timestamp":1762073846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/head.12174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/head.12174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.12174","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-8748","1526-4610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-8748","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]]}}}