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Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed the ability of the toxin to block the release of pain neurotransmitters, such as substance\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , glutamate, and calcitonin gene\u2010related peptide. The effect of the toxin, and specifically of one of its serotypes, botulinum neurotoxin type\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , on headaches, has been extensively studied. This serotype is available in the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    nited\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    tates in 3 forms, including as\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">onabotulinumtoxinA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Data from clinical trials confirmed the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">onabotulinumtoxinA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine, the most severe and debilitating type of migraine, in adults. The drug was approved by the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ood and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    rug\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    dministration for this indication in 2010. The drug was not found to be effective for episodic migraine or tension\u2010type headache. Noncontrolled studies suggest the efficacy of the toxin for headache associated with craniocervical dystonia. Proper injection technique and appropriate patient selection are essential for achieving positive results after treatment with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">onabotulinumtoxinA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The recommended injection paradigm combines a fixed site\/fixed dose and follow the pain approaches, with the toxin injected to multiple sites of the head and neck, at a total dose of 155\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010195\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The treatment is given at intervals of 12 weeks on average. The efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA for some headaches, its long duration of action, and its favorable adverse effect profile make it a viable treatment option for the appropriate headache patients. The drug may be particularly suitable for patients who cannot tolerate, or are not compliant with, the daily intake of oral headache preventive drugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]],"date-time":"2013-09-11T13:11:05Z","timestamp":1378905065000},"page":"54-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["<scp>OnabotulinumtoxinA<\/scp>\n                    for the Treatment of Headache"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Avi","family":"Ashkenazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Neurology) Doylestown Hospital  Doylestown PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Blumenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Neurology Center  Encinitas CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(02)02177-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2000.110960"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)36614-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00153-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.55.091902.104440"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195326567.003.0032","volume-title":"Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain","author":"Ashkenazi A","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.43.7s.4.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2004.04007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21427"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345968.05959.cf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(1997)6 <146::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2004.04148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03210.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2000.00066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00754.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/80.9.1126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-010-0087-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410364676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410364677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01678.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"FDA approves Botox to treat chronic migraine. 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