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Despite their widespread use, the efficacy, safety, and methodology of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      have not been reviewed specifically for headache disorders by expert consensus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Other Interventional Procedures Special Interest Section of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      merican\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      eadache\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ociety over a series of meetings reached a consensus for nomenclature, indications, contraindications, precautions, procedural details, outcomes, and adverse effects for the use of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      for headache disorders. A subcommittee of the Section also reviewed the literature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Indications for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      may include many types of episodic and chronic primary and secondary headache disorders, with the presence of active trigger points (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) on physical examination. Contraindications may include infection, a local open skull defect, or an anesthetic allergy, and precautions are necessary in the setting of anticoagulant use, pregnancy, and obesity with unclear anatomical landmarks. The most common muscles selected for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      include the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and temporalis, with bupivacaine and lidocaine the agents used most frequently. Adverse effects are typically mild with careful patient and procedural selection, though pneumothorax and other serious adverse events have been infrequently reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When performed in the appropriate setting and with the proper expertise,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      seem to have a role in the adjunctive treatment of the most common headache disorders. We hope our effort to characterize the methodology of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      by expert opinion in the context of published data motivates the performance of evidence\u2010based and standardized treatment protocols.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T12:00:29Z","timestamp":1409227229000},"page":"1441-1459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Trigger Point Injections for Headache Disorders: Expert Consensus Methodology and Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Montefiore Headache Center Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deena","family":"Kuruvilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montefiore Headache Center Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Blumenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology The Headache Center of Southern California  Encinitas CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"IV","given":"Larry","family":"Charleston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Health System  Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sorrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University School of Medicine  Springfield MA USA"},{"name":"Springfield Neurology Associates  Springfield MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie E.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic  Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Grosberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montefiore Headache Center Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Texas Center for Head, Face &amp; TMJ Pain  Dallas TX USA"},{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University Baylor College of Dentistry  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uri","family":"Napchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Clinic Middletown Medical  Middletown NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Ashkenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doylestown Hospital  Doylestown PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","series-title":"Upper Half of Body","volume-title":"Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual","author":"Simons DG","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-006-0059-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-004-0068-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-6-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00419.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00440.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-4-32"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Other Interventional Procedures for Headache and Face Pain Section. 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