{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:38:28Z","timestamp":1773797908468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Education Partnership Initiative in Nigeria (MEPIN) project","award":["R24TW008878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24TW008878"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"\n Objective\/Background<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aims to determine the prevalence of primary headache disorders using the second edition of international classification of headache disorders among urban slum dwellers. Headache is a common neurological disorder and one of the most common reasons for visiting the neurology clinics in\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n igeria. Low socioeconomic status has been linked with primary headaches. Factors that may precipitate and sustain headaches are common in\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n frica especially in urban slums. There are limited population based data on the prevalence of headache from\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n igeria and other\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n frican countries.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A 3 phase cross\u2010sectional descriptive study was done to survey at least 40% of the adult population (\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n gbos) living in an urban slum using the International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition (\n ICHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) criteria using a validated\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n gbo language adaptation (translation and back\u2010translation into\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n gbo language) of a World Health Organization protocol for screening neurological disorders in the community.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The lifetime prevalence of headache of any type was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ] 64.2\u201069.2), significantly higher in females (70.2% [95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 67.0\u201073.4]) than in males (62.3% [95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 58.5\u201066.1];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.0.002). The prevalence of primary headaches was also significantly lower in males than in females (44.9% [95% CI 45.5\u201053.3] vs 53.2% (95% CI 49.3\u201057.1),\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002). Female (52.1%) drinkers had a statistically higher prevalence of primary headaches than male drinkers (43.6%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.004). The prevalence of migraine was 6.4% (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 5.1\u20107.7); 7.5% (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 5.6\u20109.4) in females and 5% (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 3.3\u20106.7) in males (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.058). Migraine with aura was similar in both males and females. Migraine without aura was significantly higher in females (5.7%) than males (3.1%) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.022). Tension\u2010type headache (\n TTH<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) had an overall prevalence of 13.8% (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 11.3\u201016.3), males 12.2% (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 9.7\u201014.7), and females 15.1% (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 12.6\u201017.6;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.118.) The peak decade for all primary headaches was 20\u201029 years for males (49.8%) and 60\u201069 years for females (57.5%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Headache is a common health problem in an urban slum in\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n nugu south east\n N<\/jats:styled-content>\n igeria where 66.7% of participants had experienced headache in their lifetime, and 49.4% had experienced primary headaches. The prevalence of migraine and\n TTH<\/jats:styled-content>\n were 6.4% (5% in males and 7.5% in females) and 13.8% (12.2% in males and 15.1% in females), respectively. The peak ages of migraine and tension\u2010type headache were 30\u201039 and 60\u201069 years, respectively. The prevalence of primary headaches was significantly higher among subjects who used alcohol significantly.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]],"date-time":"2014-10-23T01:58:26Z","timestamp":1414029506000},"page":"1601-1610","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence of Primary Headaches in an Urban Slum in\n E<\/scp>\n nugu\n S<\/scp>\n outh\n E<\/scp>\n ast\n N<\/scp>\n igeria: A Door\u2010to\u2010Door Survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Birinus A.","family":"Ezeala\u2010Adikaibe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinwe","family":"Onyekonwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Okudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obinna","family":"Onodugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Ekenze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casmir","family":"Orjioke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Chime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Obum","family":"Ezeanosike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Federal Teaching Hospital Abakiliki Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nkiru","family":"Mbadiwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Chikani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celestine","family":"Okwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma","family":"Ulasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uchenna","family":"Ijoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Atlas of Headache Disorders and Resources 2011. 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