{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T21:46:50Z","timestamp":1771710410819,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]],"date-time":"2015-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS083347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS083347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI079047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI079047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine attacks are associated with sterile inflammation of the dura. Immune cells are a primary source of inflammatory mediators, and we therefore sought to further explore the link between dural immune cells and migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the observations that migraine is more common in women than in men, stress is the most common trigger for a migraine attack, and sympathetic post\u2010ganglionic innervation of the dura enables local control of dural immune cells, we hypothesized that stress shifts the balance of inflammatory mediator expression in dural immune cells toward those that trigger a migraine attack, where these changes are larger in females and dependent, at least in part, on sympathetic post\u2010ganglionic innervation of the dura. Our objective was to test this hypothesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dura were obtained from na\u00efve or stressed, intact or surgically sympathectomized, adult male and female rats. Dura were assessed immediately or 24\u2009hours after termination of 4 continuous days of unpredictable, mild stressors. Following enzymatic digestion of each dura, myeloid and lymphoid\u2010derived dural immune cells were isolated by fluorescence\u2010activated cell sorting for semi\u2010quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      n myeloid\u2010derived dural immune cells, there was an increase in pro\u2010inflammatory mediator mRNA following stress, particularly in females, which remained elevated with a 24\u2010hour delay after stress. There was a stress\u2010induced decrease in anti\u2010inflammatory mediator mRNA immediately after stress in females, but not males. The stress\u2010induced changes were attenuated in sympathectomized females. In lymphoid\u2010derived dural immune cells, there was a persistent increase in pro\u2010inflammatory mediator mRNA following stress, particularly in females. A stress\u2010induced increase in anti\u2010inflammatory mediator mRNA was also observed in both males and females, and was further attenuated in sympathectomized females.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with our hypothesis, there is a stress\u2010induced shift in the balance of pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory mediator expression in dural immune cells that is more pronounced in females, and is dependent, at least in part, on sympathetic post\u2010ganglionic innervation in females. This shift in the balance of inflammatory mediator expression may not only play an important role in triggering migraine attacks, but also suggests it may be possible, if not necessary, to employ different strategies to most effectively treat migraine in men and women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]],"date-time":"2015-06-30T08:30:04Z","timestamp":1435653004000},"page":"943-957","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sex\u2010, Stress\u2010, and Sympathetic Post\u2010Ganglionic Neuron\u2010Dependent Changes in the Expression of Pro\u2010 and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Mediators in Rat Dural Immune Cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"McIlvried","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"The Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Borghesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"The Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.64.10_suppl_2.S9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2000.00146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-8-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91339.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/384560a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.1994.tb00053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.12.2490"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183717"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-010-0112-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2004.04011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902900210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01635.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2008.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1490"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705972"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706257"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(96)00004-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200011090-00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00450.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-007-9083-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0706-681"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1998.3806465.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.01140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1992.1203155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412473372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0405223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000216188"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/403908"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01871.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.04.099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-012-0852-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076779"}],"container-title":["Headache: 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