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Beyond epilepsy, VNS is also under investigation for the treatment of inflammation, asthma, and pain. VNS influences the production of inflammatory cytokines to dampen the inflammatory response. It triggers the systemic release of catecholamines that alleviates the asthma attack. VNS induces antinociception by modulating multiple pain\u2010associated structures in the brain and spinal cord affecting peripheral\/central nociception, opioid response, inflammation process, autonomic activity, and pain\u2010related behavior. Progression in VNS clinical efficacy over time suggests an underlying disease\u2010modifying neuromodulation, which is an emerging field in neurology. 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