{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:40:43Z","timestamp":1790750443238,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) began in the 19th century. Although it did not work well initially, it introduced the idea that led to many VNS\u2010related animal studies for seizure control. In the 1990s, with the success of several early clinical trials, VNS was approved for the treatment of refractory epilepsy, and later for the refractory depression. To date, several novel electrical stimulating devices are being developed. New invasive devices are designed to automate the seizure control and for use in heart failure. Non\u2010invasive transcutaneous devices, which stimulate auricular VN or carotid VN, are also undergoing clinical trials for treatment of epilepsy, pain, headache, and others. Noninvasive VNS (nVNS) exhibits greater safety profiles and seems similarly effective to their invasive counterpart. In this review, we discuss the history and development of VNS, as well as recent progress in invasive and nVNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T09:07:27Z","timestamp":1442567247000},"page":"259-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":269,"title":["Vagus Nerve and Vagus Nerve Stimulation, a Comprehensive Review: Part II"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Hsiangkuo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jefferson Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Silberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jefferson Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Electrization of the sympathetic and pneumogastric nerves, with simultaneous bilateral compression of the carotids","volume":"39","author":"Corning JL.","year":"1884","journal-title":"New York Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1938.1.5.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(52)90064-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Synchronization of the EEG produced by low\u2010frequency electrical stimulation of the region of the solitary tract","volume":"99","author":"Magnes J","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(67)90089-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01751.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.7.1338"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a393d1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-014-0010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0280-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-010-9216-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15424\/bioelectronmed.2014.00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/ENR.2011.06.04.254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20140218-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130518"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-S1-G12"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-S1-I7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3181d64d8a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2012.01329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01203.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2012.663517"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v20.i3.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307263.434"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181cc0183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1731"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","volume-title":"VNS Therapy System Physician's Manual","author":"Cyberonics","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.760405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/3\/034004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05845.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TerryJrRS.Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for epilepsy. In: Holmes M ed.Epilepsy Topics: InTech;2014:139\u2010160.","DOI":"10.5772\/58332"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12288"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.91610"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01918.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2009.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.6.1265"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.56202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00208.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12629"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03492.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2005.00029.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.103016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001394"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-S1-I6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414524494"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RaineroIDe MartinoP RubinoE VaulaG GentileS PinessiL.Non\u2010invasive vagal nerve stimulation for the treatment of headache attacks in patients with chronic migraine and medication\u2010overuse headache. In: The 66th AAN Annual Meeting. Philadelphia PA;2014:P1.262.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.82.10_supplement.P1.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","unstructured":"SilbersteinS Da SilvaAN CalhounAH et al. Prevention of chronic migraine headache with non\u2010invasive vagus nerve stimulation: Results from the prospective double\u2010blind randomized sham\u2010controlled pilot EVENT study. Paper presented at the 17th Congress of the International Headache Society. Valencia Spain 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NesbittA MarinJ GoadsbyP.Treatment of hemicrania continua by non\u2010invasive vagus nerve stimulation in 2 patients previously treated with occipital nerve stimulation. In: The European Headache and Migraine Trust International Congress. London UK;2012:230.","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-1-S1-P230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MagisD G\u00e9rardP SchoenenJ.Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) for headache prophylaxis: initial experience. In: The European Headache and Migraine Trust International Congress. London UK;2012:P198.","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-14-S1-P198"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1865-1380-6-7"}],"container-title":["Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fhead.12650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/head.12650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:49:46Z","timestamp":1762080586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/head.12650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/head.12650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.12650","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-8748","1526-4610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-8748","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]}}}