{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T02:33:18Z","timestamp":1784255598316,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To examine the factor structure of the\n                      <jats:italic>Headache Triggers Sensitivity and Avoidance Questionnaire (HTSAQ)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its German version\n                      <jats:italic>(HTSAQ\u2010G)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in order to identify potential different types of triggers. Furthermore, a short form of the questionnaire was developed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>HTSAQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      includes 24 of the most commonly reported headache triggers (eg, stress, odors, lack of sleep). Both the\n                      <jats:italic>HTSAQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>HTSAQ\u2010G<\/jats:italic>\n                      appeared to be reliable and valid measures of sensitivity to and avoidance of headache triggers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a cross\u2010country collaboration, data from 2 cross\u2010sectional studies including N\u00a0=\u00a0391 individuals diagnosed with migraine from Australia (n\u00a0=\u00a0222) and Germany (n\u00a0=\u00a0169) were analyzed. The factor structure of the questionnaire was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, a short form of the\n                      <jats:italic>HTSAQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      was constructed and evaluated regarding psychometric properties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Factor analytic results showed a differentiation between internal and external headache triggers, and different patterns of strategies in coping with triggers. The scales of both the original questionnaire as well as the developed short form showed good reliability (Cronbach\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.76 to 0.96). As expected, negative correlations (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.10 to \u22120.30,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.006 to .044) with acceptance of pain were observed. Participants with chronic migraine showed significantly higher triggers sensitivity and avoidance of triggers than those with episodic migraine (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (389)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22129.12,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001, Cohens\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.93).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both the long and short forms of the questionnaire appear to be reliable and valid measures. The development of the short form of the questionnaire simplifies the use of the\n                      <jats:italic>HTSAQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      in clinical practice. Further research should focus on other primary headache disorders, such as tension\u2010type headache or cluster headache.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T23:10:10Z","timestamp":1594509010000},"page":"1920-1929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Types of Triggers in Migraine \u2013 Factor Structure of the Headache Triggers Sensitivity and Avoidance Questionnaire and Development of a New Short Form (\n                    <i>HTSAQ\u2010SF<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Caroli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Johannes Gutenberg\u2010University of Mainz Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8088-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Klan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Johannes Gutenberg\u2010University of Mainz Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charly","family":"Gaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Migraine and Headache Clinic K\u00f6nigstein K\u00f6nigstein Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5787-724X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja U.","family":"Kubik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology Griffith University Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4928-4222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Witth\u00f6ft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Johannes Gutenberg\u2010University of Mainz Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"399","volume-title":"The Headaches","author":"Zagami 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