{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:48:57Z","timestamp":1788220137469,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002429","name":"Amgen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the pharmacokinetics of major classes of migraine preventives and the clinical implications of drug\u2013drug interactions (DDIs) with the use of these therapies in migraine management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preventive treatments for migraine are recommended for a large proportion of patients with frequent migraine attacks. These patients often exhibit a number of comorbidities, which may lead to the introduction of multiple concomitant therapies. Potential DDIs must be considered when using polytherapy to avoid increased risk of adverse events (AEs) or inadequate treatment of comorbid conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was performed to identify pharmacokinetic properties and potential DDIs of beta\u2010blockers, antiepileptic drugs, antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, gepants, and monoclonal antibody therapies targeting the calcitonin gene\u2010related peptide pathway with medications that may be used for comorbid conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most DDIs occur through alterations in cytochrome P450 isoenzyme activity and may be complicated by genetic polymorphism for metabolic enzymes. Additionally, drug metabolism may be altered by grapefruit juice ingestion and smoking. The use of migraine preventive therapies may exacerbate symptoms of comorbid conditions or increase the risk of AEs associated with comorbid conditions as a result of DDIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DDIs are important to consider in patients with migraine who use multiple medications. The development of migraine\u2010specific evidence\u2010based preventive treatments allows for tailored clinical management that reduces the risk of DDIs and associated AEs in patients with comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T14:38:29Z","timestamp":1625236709000},"page":"838-853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A narrative review of the importance of pharmacokinetics and drug\u2013drug interactions of preventive therapies in migraine management"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Shivang","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology\/Headache Medicine DENT Neurologic Institute Amherst NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart J.","family":"Tepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Hanover NH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Washington Medical Centers Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soeren","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks CA USA"},{"name":"US Medical Affairs Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13456"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13342"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Mechanisms and the clinical relevance of complex drug\u2010drug interactions","volume":"10","author":"Roberts AG","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00760.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03830.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182535d20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"Migraine in Adults: Preventive Pharmacologic Treatments","author":"Shamliyan TA","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"Inderal (propranolol) 2017 Pfizer New York NY"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of beta\u2010adrenoceptor blocking drugs","volume":"1","author":"Borchard U","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Basic Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197601040-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024860060S506"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1748-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-2-s1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","unstructured":"Depakote (divalproex sodium) 2020 AbbVie Inc. North Chicago IL"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12781"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"Depakote Sprinkle Capsules (Divalproex sodium delayed release capsules) 2017 AbbVie Inc. North Chicago IL"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","unstructured":"Depakote ER (divalproex sodium) 2020 AbbVie Inc. North Chicago IL"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2015.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.4501006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","unstructured":"Topamax (topiramate) 2017 Janssen New Brunswick NJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","unstructured":"Trokendi XR (topiramate extended\u2010release) 2020 Supernus Pharmaceuticals Rockville MD"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04754.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.1999.35.1.522947"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200110000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00973.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1983.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405357"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-200033482"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1980.tb02025.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0557-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03875.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1998.3808624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1985.hed2507368.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198409010-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(89)90834-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000806"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13510"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","unstructured":"Ubrelvy (ubrogepant) 2020 Allergan USA Inc. Madison NJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","unstructured":"Nurtec ODT (rimegepant) 2020 Biohaven Pharmaceuticals New Haven CT"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30234-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12642"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","unstructured":"Emgality (galcanezumab\u2010gnlm) 2019 Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis IN"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","unstructured":"Ajovy (fremanezumab\u2010vfrm) 2020 Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. North Wales PA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","unstructured":"Vyepti (eptinezumab\u2010jjmr) 2020 Lundbeck Seattle BioPharmaceuticals Inc. Bothell WA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","unstructured":"Aimovig (erenumab\u2010aooe) 2020 Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks CA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20178"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1989.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07354-4","article-title":"Metoprolol metabolism via cytochrome P4502D6 in ethnic populations","volume":"24","author":"Johnson JA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.012906"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.597"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199549020-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.32.2.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11408-0","article-title":"Predictability of the in vivo metabolism of verapamil from in vitro data: contribution of individual metabolic pathways and stereoselective aspects","volume":"260","author":"Kroemer HK","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.001834"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.055400"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1721462"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(05)03638-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","first-page":"845","article-title":"The mononuclear phagocyte system: a new classification of macrophages, monocytes, and their precursor cells","volume":"46","author":"Furth R","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11585250-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199936060-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1101-239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00492-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"MDR1 (ABCB1) polymorphisms: functional effects and clinical implications","volume":"65","author":"Brambila\u2010Tapia AJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Invest Clin"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emerging problems in the pharmacology of migraine: interactions between triptans and drugs for prophylaxis","volume":"48","author":"Ferrari A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0306-5251.2001.01417.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270010365559"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0306-5251.2001.01474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"The pharmacokinetic profile of topiramate","volume":"10","author":"Patsalos PN","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Contemp Pharmacother"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0270-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.107.004820"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2018.1427735"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007568811691"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.02.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","first-page":"Hc01","article-title":"Potential drug\u2010drug interactions among medications prescribed to hypertensive patients","volume":"8","author":"Kothari N","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1610"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100510"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00626-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S145913"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2017.1326882"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Beta\u2010blockers and depression in elderly hypertension patients in primary care","volume":"46","author":"Ringoir L","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01300391"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880150321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267319.18123.d3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008341"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2014.908709"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000163455.43226.bf"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419854082"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0979-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0575"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09933.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198308030-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1995.tb04472.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","article-title":"Type II renal tubular acidosis secondary to topiramate: a review","volume":"10","author":"Sinha A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","unstructured":"Istalol (timolol maleate ophthalmic solution) 2013 Bausch + Lomb Bridgewater NJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_112_1","unstructured":"Lopressor (metoprolol tartrate) 2008 Novartis Cambridge MA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_113_1","unstructured":"Corgard (nadolol) 2019 US WorldMeds LLC Louisville KY"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_114_1","unstructured":"Tenormin (atenolol) 2017 Almatica Pharma Inc. Pine Brook NJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_115_1","unstructured":"Elavil (amitriptyline hydrochloride) 2014 Sandoz US Princeton NJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_116_1","unstructured":"Effexor XR (venlafaxine extended\u2010release) 2018 Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC Philadelphia PA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_117_1","unstructured":"Verelan (verapamil hydrochloride) 2011 Elan Pharma International Ltd. Gainesville GA"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_118_1","unstructured":"Norvasc (amlodipine besylate) 2011 Pfizer New York NY"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200115020-00003"}],"container-title":["Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/head.14135","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/head.14135","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/head.14135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T12:57:58Z","timestamp":1762088278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/head.14135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/head.14135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.14135","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-8748","1526-4610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-8748","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}