{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:28:25Z","timestamp":1787592505697,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K01NS124911\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01NS124911\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assesses the concordance in migraine diagnosis between an online, self\u2010administered, Computer\u2010based, Diagnostic Engine (CDE) and semi\u2010structured interview (SSI) by a headache specialist, both using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD\u20103) criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delay in accurate diagnosis is a major barrier to headache care. Accurate computer\u2010based algorithms may help reduce the need for SSI\u2010based encounters to arrive at correct ICHD\u20103 diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between March 2018 and August 2019, adult participants were recruited from three academic headache centers and the community via advertising to our cross\u2010sectional study. Participants completed two evaluations: phone interview conducted by headache specialists using the SSI and a web\u2010based expert questionnaire and analytics, CDE. Participants were randomly assigned to either the SSI followed by the web\u2010based questionnaire or the web\u2010based questionnaire followed by the SSI. Participants completed protocols a few minutes apart. The concordance in migraine\/probable migraine (M\/PM) diagnosis between SSI and CDE was measured using Cohen\u2019s kappa statistics. The diagnostic accuracy of CDE was assessed using the SSI as reference standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 276 participants consented, 212 completed both SSI and CDE (study completion rate\u00a0=\u00a077%; median age\u00a0=\u00a032\u00a0years [interquartile range: 28\u201340], female:male ratio\u00a0=\u00a03:1). Concordance in M\/PM diagnosis between SSI and CDE was:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75\u20130.91). CDE diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity\u00a0=\u00a090.1% (118\/131), 95% CI: 83.6%\u201394.6%; specificity\u00a0=\u00a095.8% (68\/71), 95% CI: 88.1%\u201399.1%. Positive and negative predictive values\u00a0=\u00a097.0% (95% CI: 91.3%\u201399.0%) and 86.6% (95% CI: 79.3%\u201391.5%), respectively, using identified migraine prevalence of 60%. Assuming a general migraine population prevalence of 10%, positive and negative predictive values were 70.3% (95% CI: 43.9%\u201387.8%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1%\u201399.3%), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SSI and CDE have excellent concordance in diagnosing M\/PM. Positive CDE helps\n                      <jats:italic>rule in<\/jats:italic>\n                      M\/PM, through high specificity and positive likelihood ratio. A negative CDE helps\n                      <jats:italic>rule out<\/jats:italic>\n                      M\/PM through high sensitivity and low negative likelihood ratio. CDE that mimics SSI logic is a valid tool for migraine diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T11:20:04Z","timestamp":1654255204000},"page":"870-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of an artificial intelligence online engine in migraine: A multi\u2010center study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Headache and Facial Pain, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan M.","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology University of California  Los Angeles 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