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Included studies had to recruit a sample with a primary headache diagnosis, be a randomized controlled trial including a digital component, assess a headache outcome (i.e., frequency, duration, severity, intensity, disability) or quality of life, and be published in English. Two authors independently extracted data for included studies. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk\u2010of\u2010bias tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirteen studies with unique interventions met inclusion criteria. More than half of the studies were pilots; however, nearly 70% (9\/13) demonstrated significant between\u2010group or within\u2010group improvements on one or more headache\u2010related outcomes. All interventions included some form of relaxation training and the majority were delivered via interactive website. While fewer than half the studies report participant race and\/or ethnicity, of those that do, 83% (5\/6) reported a predominately White\/Caucasian sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efficacy testing of digital headache interventions is in its infancy with the majority of these studies relying on pilot studies with small samples comprised of homogenous patient populations. Interactive websites were the most common digital medium to deliver digital headache management interventions and have demonstrated promising results. Further testing using large\u2010scale randomized controlled trials and exploration of other digital tools is warranted. Future studies with more diverse samples are needed to inform health equity of digital headache interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T09:14:46Z","timestamp":1666775686000},"page":"1105-1119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Digital headache self\u2010management interventions for patients with a primary headache disorder: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7773-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy E.","family":"Noser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Medicine &amp; Clinical Psychology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Gibler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Medicine &amp; Clinical Psychology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachelle R.","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Medicine &amp; Clinical Psychology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicinetrics  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9860-3699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wake Forest Baptist Health  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Seng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology Yeshiva University  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine Montefiore Medical Center and Yeshiva University  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Hommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Medicine &amp; 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