{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:33:18Z","timestamp":1784950398189,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically synthesize evidence from a broad range of studies on the association between air pollution and migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air pollution is a ubiquitous exposure that may trigger migraine attacks. There has been no systematic review of this possible association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched for empirical studies assessing outdoor air pollution and any quantified migraine outcomes. We included short\u2010 and long\u2010term studies with quantified air pollution exposures. We excluded studies of indoor air pollution, perfume, or tobacco smoke. We assessed the risk of bias with the World Health Organization's bias assessment instrument for air quality guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The final review included 12 studies with over 4,000,000 participants. Designs included case\u2010crossover, case\u2013control, time series, and non\u2010randomized pre\u2013post intervention. Outcomes included migraine\u2010related diagnoses, diary records, medical visits, and prescriptions. Rather than pooling the wide variety of exposures and outcomes into a meta\u2010analysis, we tabulated the results.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Point estimates above 1.00 reflected associations of increased risk. In single\u2010pollutant models, the percent of point estimates above 1.00 were carbon monoxide 5\/5 (100%), nitrogen dioxide 10\/13 (78%), ozone 7\/8 (88%), PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      13\/15 (87%), PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      2\/2 (100%), black carbon 0\/1 (0%), methane 4\/6 (75%), sulfur dioxide 3\/5 (60%), industrial toxic waste 1\/1 (100%), and proximity to oil and gas wells 6\/13 (46%). In two\u2010pollutant models, 16\/17 (94%) of associations with nitrogen dioxide were above 1.00; however, more than 75% of the confidence intervals included the null value.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Most studies had low to moderate risks of bias. Where differences were observed, stronger quality articles generally reported weaker associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Balancing the generally strong methodologies with the small number of studies, point estimates were mainly above 1.00 for associations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter with migraine. These results were most consistent for nitrogen dioxide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T15:56:34Z","timestamp":1696521394000},"page":"1203-1219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Migraine and air pollution: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea E.","family":"Portt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christa","family":"Orchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau Health Canada  Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Ontario Environmental and Occupational Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Populations &amp; Public Health Research Program ICES  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erjia","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6281-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Headache Women's College Hospital  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Work &amp; Health  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Atlas of Headache Disorders and Resources in the World","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","volume-title":"WHO Air Quality Guidelines. 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