{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T11:36:24Z","timestamp":1771328184362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stigmatization and trivialization of headache confront individuals with headache disorders, but the degree to which media may contribute is incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to quantify the frequency of disparaging metaphorical use of the words \u201cheadache\u201d and \u201cmigraine\u201d in articles and summaries of major publications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal study analyzed a dataset of 1.3 million articles and summaries written by authors and editors of 38 major publications. Data cover written publications from 1998 up to 2017. The use of the words \u201cheadache\u201d or \u201cmigraine\u201d in articles and summaries by major publications was rated by two authors (P.Z. and A.V.) as either \u201cmetaphorical\u201d or \u201cmedical\u201d based on their contextual application. Pearson's chi\u2010squared test was applied to assess differences in the frequency of metaphorical use of \u201cheadache\u201d in comparison to \u201cmigraine.\u201d Secondary outcomes were the source of publication and time of publication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 6195 and 740 articles included the words \u201cheadache\u201d or \u201cmigraine,\u201d respectively; 7100 sentences contained the word \u201cheadache\u201d and 1652 sentences contained the word \u201cmigraine.\u201d Among a random sample of 1000 sentences with the word \u201cheadache,\u201d there was a metaphorical use in 492 (49.2% [95% CI, 46.1\u201352.3]) sentences. Among a random sample of 1000 sentences with the word \u201cmigraine,\u201d there was a metaphorical use in 45 (4.5% [95% CI, 3.2\u20135.8]) sentences. The five most prevalent sources were CNN, Fox News,\n                      <jats:italic>The New York Times<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>The Guardian<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>The Washington Post<\/jats:italic>\n                      . There was an overall increase in the number of articles containing the words \u201cheadache\u201d or \u201cmigraine\u201d from database inception until analysis (1998 up to 2017). The database included no articles containing either \u201cheadache\u201d or \u201cmigraine\u201d in 1998; in 2016, this number was 1480 articles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this longitudinal study, major publications applied a metaphorical use of \u201cheadache\u201d about half of the time. The metaphorical use of \u201cheadache\u201d is 11\u2010fold greater than the metaphorical use of \u201cmigraine\u201d in the same media sample. These depictions may contribute to the trivialization of headache and the stigmatization of individuals with headache disorders. Studies with individuals affected by headache disorders are needed to clarify potential influences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T10:10:34Z","timestamp":1705572634000},"page":"172-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metaphorical use of \u201cheadache\u201d and \u201cmigraine\u201d in media: A longitudinal study of 1.3 million articles in major publications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1132-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School  New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Advika","family":"Ventrapragada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thien Phu","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Danish Knowledge Center on Headache Disorders  Glostrup Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30322-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32160-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01553-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01460-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0579-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-018-0321-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Atlas of Headache Disorders and Resources in the World 2011","author":"The World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13913"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"ThinkMap Visual Thesaurus","author":"Headache"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2217461"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"708","article-title":"NEWSROOM: a dataset of 1.3 million summaries with diverse extractive strategies","volume":"2018","author":"Grusky M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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