{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:55:23Z","timestamp":1787849723013,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018130","name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to explore the longitudinal relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms and migraine outcomes in children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children and adolescents with migraine experience more anxiety and depressive symptoms than their peers without migraine, but it is unknown if these symptoms are associated with differential migraine outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective clinical cohort study, children and adolescents aged 8.0\u201318.0\u2009years with migraine completed headache questionnaires and validated measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms (Patient\u2010Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) at an initial consultation and at their first follow\u2010up visit with a neurologist. Changes in monthly headache frequency and changes in migraine\u2010related disability (Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment) were tracked at each time point. The relationships between these migraine outcomes and anxiety and depressive symptoms were estimated using models controlling for sex, age, headache frequency, and treatment type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 123 consenting participants. In models adjusted for age, sex, baseline disability score, and treatment type, baseline anxiety and depressive symptom levels were not significantly associated with change in headache frequency (for anxiety symptoms:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u2009\u22120.268 to 0.166,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.639; for depressive symptoms:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.14, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.079 to 0.359,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.209). Similarly, in models adjusted for age, sex, baseline headache frequency, and treatment type, the change in disability was not associated with baseline anxiety (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.45, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22121.69 to 0.78,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.470), nor with baseline depressive symptom scores (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.16, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22121.07 to 1.40,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.796). In post hoc exploratory analyses (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200984 with anxiety and\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200982 with depressive symptom data at both visits), there were also no significant associations between change in mental health symptoms and change in headache frequency (for anxiety symptoms:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.084, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.246 to 0.078,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.306; for depressive symptoms:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.013, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.164 to 0.138,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.865). Similarly, the change in disability scores between visits was not related to the change in anxiety (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.85, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.095 to 1.78,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.077) nor depressive symptom scores (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.32, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.51 to 1.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.446).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline anxiety and depressive symptom levels were not associated with longitudinal migraine outcomes and neither were longitudinal changes in anxiety and depressive symptom levels; this contradicts popular clinical belief that mental health symptoms predict or consistently change in tandem with migraine outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T03:38:45Z","timestamp":1712374725000},"page":"342-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Anxiety and depressive symptoms and migraine\u2010related outcomes in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Bilal Ahmed","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Kuziek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta 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