{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:00:04Z","timestamp":1790190004208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001732","name":"Danmarks Grundforskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DNRF115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNRF115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF20SA0064340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF20SA0064340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review aimed to summarize current knowledge from twin studies on migraine. Migraine heritability, genetic correlations with migraine comorbid disorders, and the use of discordant twin pairs in migraine research are described. Further, the review considers the unused potential of twin studies in migraine research and reflects on future directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twin studies can be used to understand how heritable and environmental factors influence human traits and disorders. The classical twin design compares the resemblance of a trait in monozygotic twins to that in dizygotic twins. The classical twin design can be extended to estimate the genetic correlation between disorders, model causality, and describe differences within discordant twin pairs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies focusing on migraine and using a twin study design were included. The search was performed on the PubMed\u2010MEDLINE database using the search terms \u201cmigraine\u201d AND \u201ctwin\u201d OR \u201ctwins.\u201d It was done in May 2023, rerun in November 2023, and managed with the Covidence software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search identified 52 twin studies on migraine. In 24 papers, the heritability of migraine was estimated with a classical twin design. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.36 to 0.48 for studies with adults, both men and women, and unspecified migraine. Migraine heritability was predominantly estimated with twin cohorts of North European ancestry, and only two studies examined migraine subtypes. A multilevel classical twin design was used in 11 studies to examine the co\u2010occurrence between migraine and comorbid disorders. The differences within migraine discordant twin pairs were examined in nine studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The heritability of migraine was estimated with a classical twin design in twin cohorts from seven different countries, with remarkably similar results across studies. Future studies should include migraine subtypes and twin cohorts of non\u2010North European ancestry to better reflect the global population. Beyond heritability estimations, the twin method is a valuable tool for understanding causality and describing differences within discordant twin pairs. Despite more than 80\u2009years of twin studies in migraine research, the twin design has a large unused potential to advance our understanding of migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T09:56:14Z","timestamp":1721296574000},"page":"1049-1058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Migraine heritability and beyond: A scoping review of twin studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-8045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isa Amalie","family":"Olofsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Headache Center, Neurological Department Copenhagen University Hospital  Glostrup Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3243","article-title":"The continuing value of twin studies in the omics era","volume":"13","author":"Dongen J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3285","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies","volume":"47","author":"Polderman TJC","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2322","article-title":"Heritability in the genomics era\u2014concepts and misconceptions","volume":"9","author":"Visscher PM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00755-1","article-title":"Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins","volume":"53","author":"Jonsson H","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-013-9602-1","article-title":"Heritability and the equal environments assumption: evidence from multiple samples of misclassified twins","volume":"43","author":"Conley D","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.3.403","article-title":"A test of the equal environment assumption (EEA) in multivariate twin studies","volume":"9","author":"Derks EM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/3.2.119","article-title":"Analytic approaches to twin data using structural equation models","volume":"3","author":"Rijsdijk FV","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01609-6","article-title":"Maximizing the value of twin studies in health and behaviour","volume":"7","author":"Hagenbeek FA","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1999.3903173.x","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of migraine in twins from the general population","volume":"39","author":"Ulrich V","year":"1999","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"731","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber allergische Erkrankungen bei Zwillingen","volume":"19","author":"Spaich D","year":"1936","journal-title":"Z Menschl Vereb"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1993.1304245.x","article-title":"The genetics of migraine without aura and migraine with aura","volume":"13","author":"Russell MB","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"150","article-title":"A catamnestic investigation of Danish twins; 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