{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:26:33Z","timestamp":1792718793252,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate cognitive functioning during ictal and interictal phases of the migraine attack using smart\u2010phone based ambulatory cognitive tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive problems have been increasingly recognized as an important part of the burden of migraine. People with migraine report subjective cognitive problems more often during the ictal phase than during the interictal phase of the migraine attack. However, objective evidence of cognitive impairment during attacks is limited. To address this gap, we used smart\u2010phones and an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design to repeatedly assess migraine symptoms and cognitive performance as people went about their daily lives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this longitudinal study, 19 adults with migraine completed an EMA protocol. Using a downloadable iPhone app, participants were asked five times daily to complete a headache questionnaire and to take an ultra\u2010brief cognitive battery over 2\u20134\u2009weeks. The cognitive battery (i.e., Trail Making Test [TMT], Stroop Test, Spatial Memory Test) assessed the domains of working memory, processing speed, and aspects of executive functioning (set\u2010shifting, cognitive inhibition). The ictal phases were defined by the presence of current head pain. The interictal phases were defined by the absence of head pain. Separate mixed\u2010effects models were run for each cognitive outcome to examine cognitive performance during the ictal phase relative to the interictal phase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were 68% female and 84% White; the median (interquartile range) age was 34.0\u2009(27.0\u201339.0)\u2009years. The majority had a tertiary education with 47% holding an undergraduate degree and 47% a graduate degree. The Stroop Test and the Spatial Memory test revealed cognitive decrements in performance in the ictal phase relative to the interictal phase. Specifically, during the ictal phases, there were fewer Spatial Memory successes\/sequences (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.20, 95% confidence interval [\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI]<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u22120.38 to \u22120.01;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038) and Spatial Memory largest successes\/sequences (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.22, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u22120.43 to \u22120.01;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038). Additionally, there were fewer Stroop non\u2010congruent items correct (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.37, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u22120.70 to \u22120.03,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006; odds ratio 3.03, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      1.26\u20137.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013), and greater Stroop non\u2010congruent item errors (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.23, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.02\u20130.44;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031). The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      parts A and B did not significantly differ based on migraine phase.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found decrements in objective cognitive performance in the domains of working memory and cognitive inhibition\u00a0in the ictal vs. the interictal phases of migraine using EMA, replicating and extending prior work on cognitive performance. These methods further characterize the cognitive burden of migraine and could be extended to assess cognition in the prodrome and postdrome, as well as assess the cognitive benefits of acute and preventive treatment in randomized trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T08:04:22Z","timestamp":1747728262000},"page":"1684-1692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cognition during ictal and interictal migraine phases: A pilot study using ecological momentary assessment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Sebrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Northwell Health  Manhasset New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and the Montefiore Headache Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Metts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Mattis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Northwell Health  Manhasset New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology Yeshiva University  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital at Montefiore Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Lacritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology Yeshiva University  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Seng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology Yeshiva University  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Atlas of Headache Disorders and Resources in the World 2011","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2016.19.E137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0933-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14484"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0824-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12806"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415604471"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13708"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414553823"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01394.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1999.019006557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12158"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0782-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12587"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116643164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112197"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09084282.2013.778261"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz182"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","article-title":"Smartphone assessment uncovers real\u2010time relationships between depressed mood and daily functional behaviors after stroke","volume":"13","author":"Bui Q","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.5.1076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1001.096191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113508807"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.suppl_1.S20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"Army US.Army individual test battery. Manual of directions and scoring.1944."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","volume-title":"The Halstead\u2010Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery","author":"Reitan RM","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary","author":"Strauss E","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(65)90024-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","unstructured":"GoldenC FreshwaterSM GoldenZ.Stroop color and word test."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"CorsiPM.Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00939"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315186634"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.1765"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5719380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0993-0"}],"container-title":["Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/head.14964","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T04:41:55Z","timestamp":1763786515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/head.14964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/head.14964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.14964","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-8748","1526-4610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-8748","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}