{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:29:14Z","timestamp":1788226154988,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the fear\u2010avoidance model (FAM) as a theoretical framework, this study examined the interactions between empirical factors contributing to disability in episodic migraine. It was tested whether pain catastrophizing, fear of attacks, and depressiveness mediate the relationship between pain experience and disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine is a prevalent primary headache disorder associated with significant impairment in daily life. Biological and psychosocial factors contribute to its impact; however, a comprehensive model explaining the mechanisms underlying migraine\u2010related disability is still lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional online survey was conducted between October 2023 and March 2024 to collect sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with episodic migraine. To evaluate the proposed links within the FAM, two confirmatory path analyses were performed. In Model 1, the Pain Disability Index was used to quantitatively measure subjective aspects of disability. In Model 2, the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire was used to assess quantitative aspects of disability. Mediators derived from the FAM included: pain experience (attack frequency and pain intensity), dysfunctional cognitive pain processing (pain catastrophizing), and dysfunctional cognitive\u2010affective response to pain (fear of attacks and depressiveness).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both path analyses demonstrated good model fit. The explained variance of migraine\u2010related disability was 28% (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.28) in both models, indicating large effect sizes. Attack frequency (standardized path coefficient [\u03b2]\u2009=\u20090.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), pain intensity (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), fear of attacks (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.12,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006; \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.13,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004), and depressiveness (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.34,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.12,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), were identified as independent predictors of disability in both models (Model 1; Model 2). Consistent with the hypothesis, an indirect pathway from attack frequency and pain intensity to disability via pain catastrophizing, fear of attacks, and depressiveness was observed in both models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study emphasizes the important role of (potentially modifiable) dysfunctional cognitive pain processing and provides empirical evidence for the theoretical assumptions of the FAM. Attack frequency, pain intensity, fear of attacks, and depressiveness were found to be independent predictors of subjectively and quantitatively measured disability in episodic migraine. Pain catastrophizing was identified to be a crucial cognitive\u2010affective factor mediating the relationship between pain experience and disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T07:29:14Z","timestamp":1750145354000},"page":"909-923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identifying cognitive\u2010affective mechanisms underlying disability in episodic migraine: Using the fear avoidance model to examine interactions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9854-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janosch","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology PFH G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen  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