{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T07:57:27Z","timestamp":1776326247646,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO. 42277438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 42277438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to quantify the associations of low\u2010level ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and seasonal temperatures with migraine incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Migraine is a highly disabling neurovascular disorder in which attacks are affected by short\u2010term high\u2010level air pollution; however, the associations of long\u2010term low\u2010level air pollution and climate change on migraine incidence are unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this prospective cohort study using data from the UK Biobank, 407,792 participants without migraine at baseline were included. Environmental exposures were assessed monthly and yearly using zip code\u2010linked gridded data. We compared migraine incidence across populations with varying exposure levels of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, seasonal temperatures, and temperature variability to assess their associations with migraine risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During a median follow\u2010up of 11.8\u2009years (2316 migraine cases), migraine risk increased with higher NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exposure (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.10 per 10\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> increase; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.01\u20131.19), lower winter temperatures (aHR, 1.46 per 5\u00b0C decrease; 95% CI, 1.26\u20131.69), and higher temperature variability in both summer (aHR, 1.19 per 1\u00b0C increase; 95% CI, 1.07\u20131.32) and winter (aHR, 1.07 per 1\u00b0C increase; 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.13). Joint effects were observed between NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and temperature patterns, with the highest risks associated with combinations of high NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010low winter temperature (aHR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.42\u20131.95), high NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010high summer temperature variability (aHR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.25\u20131.76), and high NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010low winter temperature variability (aHR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.39\u20131.93).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings that NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and temperature are associated with migraine incidence suggest that to mitigate further the environmental risk factors associated with migraine incidence, we may need to adopt a combination of public health measures of air quality management and climate change adaptation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.15037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T06:59:48Z","timestamp":1756277988000},"page":"1318-1330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ambient nitrogen dioxide, temperature exposure, and migraine incidence: A large prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Shuzi","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Toxicology, Xiangya School of Public Health Central South University  Changsha People's Republic of China"},{"name":"FuRong Laboratory  Changsha People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FuRong Laboratory  Changsha People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical 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