{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:32:02Z","timestamp":1786635122426,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2C1091767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1091767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was designed to examine the distribution of chronotypes among individuals with migraine and tension\u2010type headache and to evaluate the association between chronotype and clinical headache characteristics in a population\u2010based sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although previous research has demonstrated associations between chronotype and migraine, there is limited population\u2010level evidence regarding its relationship with tension\u2010type headache or clinical features of these headache disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis using baseline data from a nationwide population\u2010based survey, conducted in the Republic of Korea in October 2020, which involved adults 20\u201359\u2009years old. The chronotype was assessed using the Morningness\u2013Eveningness Questionnaire and categorized into morning (score &gt;58), intermediate (score 41\u201358), and evening (score &lt;41) chronotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 2838 participants, the evening chronotype was more prevalent in the migraine (58 of 160, 36.3%) and tension\u2010type headache (225 of 890, 25.3%) groups than in the nonheadache control group (185 of 1005, 18.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Among participants with migraine, depression (Patient Health Questionnaire\u20109) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder\u20107) differed across chronotypes in the overall comparison (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047, respectively), with the morning type showing lower levels than those shown by the intermediate and evening types; however, no pairwise differences were statistically significant in the post hoc analyses. Among participants with tension\u2010type headache, depression and anxiety differed across chronotypes in the overall comparison (Patient Health Questionnaire\u20109,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder\u20107,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), which was driven by higher levels in the evening type than in both the morning and intermediate types; however, the morning and intermediate types did not differ. In participants with migraine, a higher Morningness\u2013Eveningness Questionnaire score (greater morningness) was marginally associated with more severe headache days per 30\u2009days (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.046), whereas no significant association was found in those with tension\u2010type headache (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.126). Headache days per 30\u2009days, crystal\u2010clear days per 30\u2009days, headache intensity (Visual Analog Scale), and the impact of headache (Headache Impact Test\u20106) were not significantly associated with Morningness\u2013Eveningness Questionnaire scores in participants with migraine or tension\u2010type headache.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants with migraine and tension\u2010type headache showed a significantly higher prevalence of evening chronotype compared with the nonheadache controls. However, greater morningness was associated with more severe headache days in the migraine group but not in the tension\u2010type headache group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:06:27Z","timestamp":1774681587000},"page":"1037-1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronotype in migraine and tension\u2010type headache: A population study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2082-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da Eun","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of 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Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Kyung","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of 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