{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T07:50:08Z","timestamp":1781941808230,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature examining the association between air pollution and migraine is sparse and results are mixed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of long\u2010term exposure to particulate matter (PM)10, PM2.5, and their specific components, including black carbon, organic matter, ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate, on the risk of migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The retrospective cohort study was performed on 5187 migraine\u2010free participants \u226545\u2009years old. The participants were enrolled from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011 and followed up until 2018. Exposure levels of the participants were assessed using PM concentrations at 1\u2010km spatial resolution during the follow\u2010up period. Furthermore, the study investigated the association of PM exposure with migraine and the synergistic effects of PM2.5 components on migraine risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During 7.9\u2009years of average follow\u2010up, a total of 1137 new\u2010onset incident migraine attacks were documented. A 1\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in PM10 and PM2.5 exposures was associated with increased migraine risks, with respective adjusted hazard ratios of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01\u20131.03) and 1.05 (95% CI, 1.03\u20131.06). When considering the combined effects of all mixture components, a simultaneous one\u2010quantile increase in PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with a 1.10\u2010fold increase in migraine risk (95% CI, 1.03\u20131.17). The overall mixing effect was primarily driven by the positive contribution from black carbon (weight\u2009=\u20090.487), sulfate (weight\u2009=\u20090.295), and organic matter (weight\u2009=\u20090.218).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long\u2010term exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 was found to be associated with increased migraine risk in the middle\u2010aged and older adult Chinese population. Black carbon, sulfate, and organic matter may be the primary contributors to the adverse effects of PM2.5 on migraine risk; however, further studies with more rigorous designs are required to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.70093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T06:44:37Z","timestamp":1775544277000},"page":"1352-1362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long\u2010term air pollution exposure and incident migraine in middle aged and older adults: A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Qinghai Branch  Xining Qinghai China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong 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