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We controlled for key demographic and lifestyle variables, as well as depression, anxiety, and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We also tested sex moderation. Exploratory analyses investigated whether psychiatric disorders mediate the link between child abuse and adult migraine, and whether this mechanism varies by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present sample (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009305) was 51.1% female and primarily Black (59.4%), with approximately one\u2010third exposed to childhood abuse (34.1%). Females were more likely than males to report past year migraine as diagnosed by a medical professional (26.3% vs. 15.5%). CPS documented child abuse was associated with adult migraine for men but not women, in models adjusted for adult age, income, race, depression, anxiety, PTSD, smoking, and self\u2010reported maltreatment exposure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\n                      <jats:sub>males<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09\u20132.86; aOR\n                      <jats:sub>females<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.68; 95% CI, 0.40\u20131.16). This finding held when additional covariates were included in sensitivity analyses such as adult retrospective report of child maltreatment, adult sleep quality and body mass index. Depression mediated the association between child abuse and adult migraine for males.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child abuse increases the long\u2010term risk for migraine among males. Given the prevalence of child abuse and the significant public health burden of migraine, understanding how and why child abuse may elevate risk of migraine is critical to informing interventions and policies to improve health and well\u2010being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:56:54Z","timestamp":1781773014000},"page":"2032-2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Child abuse and migraine in adulthood: A prospective cohort study spanning 20\u2009years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0087-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth D.","family":"Handley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mt. Hope Family Center University of Rochester  Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Russotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mt. Hope Family Center University of Rochester  Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel Y.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mt. Hope Family Center University of Rochester  Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Hutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mt. Hope Family Center University of Rochester  Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dante","family":"Cicchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mt. Hope Family Center University of Rochester  Rochester New York USA"},{"name":"Institute of Child Development University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children Youth and Families Children's Bureau.Child maltreatment.2019.https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/cb\/research\u2010data\u2010technology\/statistics\u2010research\/child\u2010maltreatment"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106961"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207910"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.01919.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0554-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271383.60376.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01558.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12855"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796014000018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.549038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30293-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Child Abuse, Child Development, and Social Policy","author":"Barnett D","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117423"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. 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