{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T08:49:46Z","timestamp":1791622186356,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives\/Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists (GLP\u20101 RAs), initially developed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, have emerged as promising candidates for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) due to their metabolic and neurophysiological effects. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aims to summarize, synthesize, and quantitatively pool the available evidence on the use of GLP\u20101 RAs in patients with IIH, focusing on clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched through December 2025 for randomized trials and cohort studies assessing GLP\u20101 RAs in patients with IIH. Risk of bias was assessed by Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions and Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0. Primary outcomes included papilledema, headache burden, refractory IIH, and visual disturbances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight studies comprising 13,243 patients met inclusion criteria. GLP\u20101 RAs significantly reduced papilledema risk at 3\u2009months (risk ratio [RR], 0.430; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.281\u20130.659;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010squared statistic [\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] =\u200962.5%) and maintained the benefit through 24\u2009months (RR, 0.469; 95% CI, 0.382\u20130.576;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200918.0%). Headache frequency was also consistently lower at 3\u2009months (RR, 0.690; 95% CI, 0.557\u20130.853;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200971.0%) and at 24\u2009months (RR, 0.796; 95% CI, 0.691\u20130.916;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200968.9%), with similar improvements in visual disturbances at 3\u2009months (RR, 0.408; 95% CI, 0.304\u20130.547;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200936.0%) and 24\u2009months (RR, 0.433; 95% CI, 0.236\u20130.796;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200979.0%), and refractory IIH at 3\u2009months (RR, 0.696; 95% CI, 0.574\u20130.843;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200960.0%) and 24\u2009months (RR, 0.808; 95% CI, 0.715\u20130.908;\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200952.0%) compared to control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GLP\u20101 RAs appear associated with improvements in clinical outcomes in IIH, including reductions in papilledema, headache, and visual symptoms. The current evidence base is dominated by observational studies with moderate to serious risk of confounding, resulting in low\u2010certainty, hypothesis\u2010generating evidence. These findings should be interpreted cautiously and primarily serve to inform the design of future well powered randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.70131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:19:59Z","timestamp":1787217599000},"page":"2117-2128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4521-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5612-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo B. 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