{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T08:04:38Z","timestamp":1789286678329,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Headache"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine is a neurological disorder with well\u2010established diagnostic criteria. In its current formulation, migraine is a modern\u2010day diagnosis, whereas descriptions consistent with migraine may date back to ancient civilizations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate whether symptoms consistent with migraine without aura, as defined by criteria of ICHD\u20103, are present in cuneiform medical texts from ancient Mesopotamia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 37 Akkadian\u2010language cuneiform medical texts dated between the second and first millennia\n                      <jats:sc>bce<\/jats:sc>\n                      were analyzed. Texts containing references to secondary headache or aura symptoms were excluded. Each remaining text was examined for descriptions corresponding to ICHD\u20103 diagnostic criteria (B: duration; C: pain characteristics; D: associated symptoms).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 37 texts, 15 included expressions equivalent to continuous or prolonged pain, satisfying criterion B. Criterion C (unilateral, throbbing, and severe pain) was met in 37 texts (26 completely +11 partially). Criterion D (nausea, photophobia, phonophobia) was present in 21 of 37 texts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents compelling evidence that the fundamental features of migraine without aura were described in Mesopotamian medical texts nearly 3000\u2009years ago. These findings suggest that the diagnostic framework of migraine, as captured by ICHD\u20103, reflects the earliest documented medical traditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/head.70172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:20:12Z","timestamp":1785302412000},"page":"1878-1889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Migraine in the cradle of civilization: Evaluating ancient Mesopotamian texts through the lens of\n                    <scp>ICHD<\/scp>\n                    \u20103"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1791-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulent","family":"Diri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology Medicana International Samsun Hospital  Samsun Turkey"},{"name":"Independent Researcher  Samsun Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilge","family":"Piri Cinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology School of Medicine, Samsun University  Samsun Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9713-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep Sena","family":"Diri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Samsun Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2272-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Okan","family":"Bolukbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department Tekden Hospital  Denizli Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3260-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Goadsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Sciences King Abdullah University of Science and Technology  Thuwal Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2797-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aynur","family":"Ozge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mersin University School of Medicine (retired)  Mersin Turkey"},{"name":"NOROM Neuroscience and Excellence Center  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00402-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420905317"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Prehistoric trepanation: crania trepanned with the aid of a shard of glass]","volume":"11","author":"Broca P","year":"1876","journal-title":"Bull Soc Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Pal\u00e9opathologie du squelette humain","author":"Dastugue J","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"651","volume-title":"Diseases in Antiquity","author":"Lisowski FP","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"A History of the Ancient near East, ca. 3000\u2013323 BC, 3rd Edition (Blackwell History of the Ancient World)","author":"Van De Mieroop M","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Ancient Mesopotamia","author":"Pollock S","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"The Sumerians: Their history, culture, and character","author":"Kramer SN","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian medicine: ancient sources, translations, and modern medical analyses","author":"Scurlock JA","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444319996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-023-04012-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(08)02102-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789047404170"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"378","article-title":"Peptic ulcer and its complications in ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform texts","volume":"40","author":"Diri B","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Med [Internet]"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"CDLI contributors.Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI). 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