{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:42:47Z","timestamp":1768783367146,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,28]],"date-time":"2012-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial peptides are key players of initial innate immune responses to human pathogens. Two major representatives, the human beta defensin 2 and 3 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>3), are both known to be regulated by, and to affect viability of, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>elicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>. Previously, it was demonstrated in vitro that <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> actively abrogates <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>3 expression during prolonged infections. Here, we comprehensively assessed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>3 expression ex vivo in the gastric mucosa of healthy individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty volunteers (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> positive and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> negative: n\u00a0=\u00a010) were enrolled. <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>elicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010positive subjects underwent eradication therapy and repeated the protocol. Expression of both defensins was assessed by quantitative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>, and correlated with histopathologic degree of gastritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>2 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>3 were found to be ubiquitously expressed in all three groups. In general, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>2 levels were elevated in relation to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> infection (up to 40\u2010fold). This upregulation correlated with degree of gastritis in corpus and antrum. In contrast, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>3 protein levels were significantly decreased, while corresponding m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> amounts remained unchanged. Eradication therapy led to normalization of mucosal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>2 expression, while <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>3 expression demonstrated high interindividual variations among individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both defensins are ubiquitously but differentially expressed in gastric mucosa in relation to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> infection. Ex vivo data support the notion that <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> infection is associated with reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hBD<\/jats:styled-content>3 expression in chronic active gastritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,28]],"date-time":"2012-08-28T05:09:13Z","timestamp":1346130553000},"page":"6-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Differential Expression of Human Beta Defensin 2 and 3 in Gastric Mucosa of <i><scp>H<\/scp>elicobacter pylori<\/i>\u2010Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bianca","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Charit\u00e9platz 1 10117 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg Leipziger Str. 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doerthe","family":"Kuester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg Leipziger Str. 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Charit\u00e9platz 1 10117 Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Malfertheiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg Leipziger Str. 44 39120 Magdeburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.suppl_2.ii17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-440X(95)80038-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.525"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700599"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042692699"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/rr25"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2410"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81895-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1245-1248.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008557200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i36.5793"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510275200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1452"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5412-5415.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.3.356"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.4.481"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(03)00158-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Role 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