{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:17:12Z","timestamp":1781155032006,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peptic ulcer bleeding and recurrence rate are strongly linked to <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection even if nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s) play a relevant role in this setting. Further studies confirm that <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> eradication lowers the risk of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding. Therefore, a test\u2010and\u2010treat strategy appears to be mandatory for patients with a history of ulcer bleeding and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s and\/or aspirin use. Concerning gastroesophageal reflux disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GERD<\/jats:styled-content>), evidence clearly shows that <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> status has no effect on symptoms and treatment. Therefore, <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> treatment is not contraindicated in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GERD<\/jats:styled-content>. The exact role of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> in functional dyspepsia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content>) remains controversial. Novel possible mechanisms by which <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> may elicit dyspeptic symptoms include alterations of gastric motility, as well as endocrine and acid\u2010secretory abnormalities. Hunger sensations, acid secretion, and gastrointestinal motility are regulated by ghrelin, particularly produced by the gastric enteroendocrine cell compartment. The improvement of symptoms correlates with enhanced plasma ghrelin levels. Apart from the need for more trials on this topic, these findings may give insight into the underlying pathophysiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms. Recent reports suggest that the presence of bacterial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> in the oral cavity may be relevant to its transmission. A potential protective role of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> on inflammatory bowel diseases needs to be better elucidated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]],"date-time":"2014-08-29T02:47:04Z","timestamp":1409280424000},"page":"27-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> and Nonmalignant Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Enzo","family":"Ierardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation University of Bari \u2013 AOU Policlinico Piazza Giulio Cesare 10 70124 Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Goni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Parma \u2010 Ospedale Maggiore Via A. 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