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The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible chemopreventive effects of spice\u2010derived compounds on <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>elicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>)\u2010induced gastritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the inhibitory effects of curcumin, capsaicin, and piperine on <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> by determining the colony\u2010forming units and real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> stimulated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AGS<\/jats:styled-content> gastric cancer cells. For <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> analysis, 6\u2010week\u2010old <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> male <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ongolian gerbils were infected with <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>, fed diets containing 5000\u00a0ppm curcumin, 100\u00a0ppm capsaicin, or 100\u00a0ppm piperine, and sacrificed after 13\u00a0weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All three compounds inhibited <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> proliferation of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>, with curcumin being the most effective. Infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells was suppressed by piperine both in the antrum and corpus of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected gerbils. Capsaicin also decreased neutrophils in the antrum and corpus and mononuclear cell infiltration and heterotopic proliferative glands in the corpus. m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>nf\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and formation of phospho\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>\u03ba<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 in the antrum were reduced by both capsaicin and piperine. In addition, piperine suppressed expression of <jats:italic>Il<\/jats:italic>\u2010<jats:italic>1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Ifn\u2010\u03b3<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Il\u20106,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>i<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>os<\/jats:italic>, while <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>re<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> and other virulence factors were not significantly attenuated by any compounds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that capsaicin and piperine have anti\u2010inflammatory effects on <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced gastritis in gerbils independent of direct antibacterial effects and may thus have potential for use in the chemoprevention of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010associated gastric carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T18:16:08Z","timestamp":1435947368000},"page":"131-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Anti\u2010Inflammatory Effects of Capsaicin and Piperine on <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\u2010Induced Chronic Gastritis in Mongolian Gerbils"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology National Institute of Health Sciences Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Oncological Pathology Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncological Pathology Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute Nagoya Japan"},{"name":"Chemicals Safety Department Mitsui Chemicals Inc. 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