{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:28:06Z","timestamp":1770136086917,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Program in Latvia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review of recent publications related to the epidemiology of <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> highlights the origin of the infection, its changing prevalence, transmission, and outcome. A number of studies have addressed the ancestor roots of the bacteria, and the first genomewide analysis of bacterial strains suggests that its coexistence with humans is more ancient than previously thought. As opposed to the generally declining prevalence of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> (including China and Japan), in Sweden, the prevalence of atrophic gastritis in the young population has risen. The prevalence of the infection remains high in the indigenous populations of the Arctic regions, and reinfection rates are high. A high prevalence is permanently found in the Siberian regions of Russia as well. Several studies, some of which used multiplex serology, addressed prevalence of and risks associated with various <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> serotypes, thereby enabling more precise risk assessment. Transmission of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> was discussed, specifically fecal\u2013oral transmission and the use of well\u2010water and other unpurified water. Finally, the long\u2010term course of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was considered, with an estimated 89% of noncardia gastric cancer cases being attributable to the infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]],"date-time":"2016-08-17T01:15:31Z","timestamp":1471396531000},"page":"3-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Epidemiology of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"M\u0101rcis","family":"Leja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Latvia  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Riga East University Hospital  Riga Latvia"},{"name":"Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Axon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds  Leeds 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