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In addition to narrow band imaging, other methods, <jats:italic>for example,<\/jats:italic> blue light imaging and linked color imaging, are now available and can be combined with artificial intelligence systems to obtain information on the gastric mucosa and detect early gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry is only recommended as an ancillary stain in case of chronic active gastritis without <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> detection by standard staining, and recommendations to exclude false negative <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> results have been made. Molecular methods using real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>, droplet digital <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>, or amplification refractory mutation system <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> have shown a high accuracy, both for detecting <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> and for clarithromycin susceptibility testing, and can now be used in clinical practice for targeted therapy. The most reliable non\u2010invasive test remains the <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010urea breath test. Large data sets show that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOB<\/jats:styled-content> values are higher in women and that the cut\u2010off for positivity could be decreased to 2.74 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOB<\/jats:styled-content>. Stool antigen tests using monoclonal antibodies are widely used and may be a good alternative to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UBT<\/jats:styled-content>, particularly in countries with a high prevalence of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection. Attempts to improve serology by looking at specific immunodominant antigens to distinguish current and past infection have been made. The interest of Gastropanel<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> which also tests pepsinogen levels was confirmed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T06:01:39Z","timestamp":1567663299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Review: Diagnosis of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Makristathis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Clinical Microbiology Department of Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Hirschl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Clinical Microbiology Department of Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Vienna  Vienna 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