{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:02:59Z","timestamp":1784228579852,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Yeast has been suggested as a potent reservoir of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> that facilitates bacterial spread within human populations. What mechanism ensures effective <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> release from yeast? Here, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> release from yeast as a vesicle\u2010encased or free bacterium was studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Liquid culture of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> yeast was examined by light, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy methods to observe the released vesicles. Vesicles were isolated and examined by TEM. Immunogold labeling was used for detection of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\u2010specific proteins in vesicles\u2019 membrane. Free bacterial cells, released from yeast, were separated by immunomagnetic separation and observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). DNA of bead\u2010bound bacteria was used for amplification of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\u201016S rDNA. Viability of bead\u2010bound bacteria was examined by live\/dead stain and cultivation on Brucella blood agar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microscopic observations showed that vesicles contained bacterium\u2010like structures. Thin sections showed release of vesicle\u2010encased or free bacterium from yeast. Immunogold labeling revealed occurrence of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> proteins in vesicles\u2019 membrane. FESEM showed attachment of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> cells to magnetic beads. Sequencing of 521\u00a0bp PCR product confirmed the identity of bead\u2010bound <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>. Live\/dead staining showed viability of bead\u2010bound <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> but the result of culture was negative.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Escape of intracellular <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> from yeast as a membrane\u2010bound or free bacterium indicates that <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> uses safe exit mechanisms that do not damage the host which is the principle of symbiotic associations. In human stomach, certain conditions may stimulate yeast cells to release <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> as a vesicle\u2010encased or free bacterium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T03:09:55Z","timestamp":1594782595000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> release from yeast as a vesicle\u2010encased or free bacterium"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Heydari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology School of Biology University College of Sciences University of Tehran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6659-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farideh","family":"Siavoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology School of Biology University College of Sciences University of Tehran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mir Hadi","family":"Jazayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Faculty of Medical Sciences Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolfattah","family":"Sarrafnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1729-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parastoo","family":"Saniee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.06014-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21420"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1800"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2014.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00240"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0002-2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2018.12.659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12861"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2005.00319.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","article-title":"Yeast protects Helicobacter Pylori against the environmental stress","volume":"1","author":"Siavoshi F","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"624","article-title":"Immunodetection of Helicobacter pylori\u2010specific proteins in oral and gastric Candida yeasts","volume":"16","author":"Saniee P","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"705","article-title":"Localization of H. pylori within the vacuole of Candida yeast by direct immunofluorescence technique","volume":"16","author":"Saniee P","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i18.5263"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00318-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/physci241020a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunotherapy. 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