{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:27:21Z","timestamp":1790771241522,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Surveillance of\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistance to antibiotics was carried out in France in 2014, 2016, and 2018. We report here the results of the 2018 survey as well as the evolution over the 5\u2010year period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this observational study, gastric biopsies were obtained by 62 gastroenterologists randomly selected in 5 regions of France and sent to a central laboratory where culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and a real\u2010time PCR were performed in order to detect\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the year 2018, 951 patients were included: 55.3% women, mean age: 52.4\u00a0years\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015.7, 71.6% born in France. Among them, 359 patients were\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive by both culture and real\u2010time PCR, and 7 more by PCR only. There were 244 naive patients, 110 previously treated patients, and unknown for 5. Primary resistance to clarithromycin was 20.9% [16.3\u201026.4], to levofloxacin 17.6% [13.4\u201022.9], and to metronidazole 58.6% [52.3%\u201064.6%]. Secondary resistance for these antibiotics was 56.4%, 22.7%, and 87.3%, respectively. There was no resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline and very low resistance to rifampicin (1.2%) in both naive and treated patients. Primary resistance to clarithromycin decreased from 22.2% to 20.3% between 2014 and 2016, and appears to be stable since then. This can be linked to a stable consumption of macrolides over the 3\u2010year time period. Primary levofloxacin resistance was relatively stable while metronidazole resistance increased. Interestingly, in both naive and treated patients, amoxicillin and rifampicin resistance were rare.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T13:02:13Z","timestamp":1603371733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Survey of the antimicrobial resistance of\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    in France in 2018 and evolution during the previous 5\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2481-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"M\u00e9graud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Campylobacters &amp; Helicobacters Laboratory of Bacteriology H\u00f4pital Pellegrin  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"INSERM U1053 University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Alix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Campylobacters &amp; Helicobacters Laboratory of Bacteriology H\u00f4pital Pellegrin  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"INSERM U1053 University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Charron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Campylobacters &amp; Helicobacters Laboratory of Bacteriology H\u00f4pital Pellegrin  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"INSERM U1053 University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"B\u00e9n\u00e9jat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Campylobacters &amp; Helicobacters Laboratory of Bacteriology H\u00f4pital Pellegrin  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"INSERM U1053 University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Ducournau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Campylobacters &amp; Helicobacters Laboratory of Bacteriology H\u00f4pital Pellegrin  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"INSERM U1053 University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Bess\u00e8de","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Campylobacters &amp; Helicobacters Laboratory of Bacteriology H\u00f4pital Pellegrin  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"INSERM U1053 University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-1825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Lehours","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French National Reference Centre for Campylobacters &amp; Helicobacters Laboratory of Bacteriology H\u00f4pital Pellegrin  Bordeaux France"},{"name":"INSERM U1053 University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Amoxicillin\u2010clarithromycin\u2010omeprazole: the best therapy for H\n                  pylori infection","volume":"56","author":"Lamouliatte H","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Gastro\u2010Enterol Belg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70119-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.101634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) Website.https:\/\/eucast.org\/CWWlinical_breakpoint\/Tablesv10.0p90. 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