{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T17:32:59Z","timestamp":1787247179237,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>) infection is acquired during childhood and causes chronic gastritis that remains asymptomatic in most infected people. <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> alters the gastric microbiota and causes peptic ulcer disease. Evidence on the relationship between asymptomatic <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and children's gut microbiota remains elusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>We characterized the relationship between <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and the intestinal microbiome of healthy children, adjusting for known inter\u2010personal and environmental exposures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included stool samples obtained from 163 Israeli Arab children aged 6\u20139\u00a0years from different socioeconomic strata. Sociodemographic information was collected through maternal interviews. <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was determined using monoclonal antigen detection stool enzyme immunoassay. The gut microbiome was characterized by implementing 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V4 region and a multivariate downstream analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 57% of the participants were positive for <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and it was significantly associated with low socioeconomic status. There was no significant association between <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and bacterial richness of fecal microbiome. <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was significantly associated with intestinal bacterial composition, including a strong association with <jats:italic>Prevotella\u00a0copri<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Eubacterium\u00a0biforme<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, socioeconomic status was strongly associated with bacterial composition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection in healthy children was significantly associated with altered intestinal microbiome structure. Socioeconomic determinants exhibit a strong effect, related to both <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and intestinal diversity and composition in childhood. These findings are clinically important to the understanding of the role of <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and other intestinal microbes in health and disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T13:56:16Z","timestamp":1633787776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> and the intestinal microbiome among healthy school\u2010age children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7776-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yelena","family":"Lapidot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine School of Public Health Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Reshef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine School of Public Health Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1086-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khitam","family":"Muhsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine School of Public Health Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.11.1054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312904"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.09.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100362"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151893"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56631-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01070-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmr068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12414","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection in children","volume":"22","author":"Kalach N","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children5120160"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02573-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3565-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2010.00793.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2010.00746.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 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