{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:04:20Z","timestamp":1785859460306,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>One main challenge in <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>) eradication is its increasing antibiotic resistance. Additionally, resistance rates vary between geographic areas and periods. However, data are limited since susceptibility testing is not routinely performed. Thus, it is valuable to gather data regarding <jats:italic>H. pylori's<\/jats:italic> resistance rates in Israel that would aid in better adjustment of treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 540 <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> isolates, recovered from gastric biopsy samples of patients who had undergone endoscopy, during 2015\u20132020, at the Padeh Poriya Medical Center. Antibiotic susceptibility testing to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, rifampicin, and tetracycline was performed using the Etest technique. Data regarding participants' sex, age, and ethnic group were collected. For every antibiotic and for multi\u2010resistance, generalized linear models were used to estimate crude and adjusted estimated differences in mean MIC and odds ratios (ORs) for every year, compared with the reference year 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The highest resistance rates were for clarithromycin and metronidazole (46.3% and 16.3%, respectively). Patients above 18 had higher resistance rate to rifampicin and multi\u2010resistance (3.3% and 14.8%), compared with patients under 18 (0.5% and 8.4%, respectively). Resistance rates for levofloxacin, rifampicin, and multi\u2010resistance were significantly higher among Arab patients, compared with Jewish patients. During the 6\u2010year surveillance, a significant annual trend in MIC for metronidazole and in ORs for metronidazole, levofloxacin, and multi\u2010resistance were observed (after adjustment). During 2020 compared with 2015, significant increased ORs were observed for levofloxacin and metronidazole [5.72 (1.03\u201331.84); 4.28 (1.30\u201314.14), respectively].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In light of the remarkable changes in antibiotic resistance of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> during the study's period and the increasing resistance rates to various antibiotics, it is very important to continuously monitor <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> antibiotic susceptibly. In order to increase eradication rates of this bacterium, therapy regimes must be based on an updated antibiotic resistance data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T06:09:49Z","timestamp":1663308589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antibiotic resistance patterns of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> in North Israel \u2013 A six\u2010year study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0966-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Azrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar Ilan University  Safed Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafna","family":"Vazana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar Ilan University  Safed Israel"},{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar\u2010Ilan University  Safed Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"On","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar\u2010Ilan University  Safed Israel"},{"name":"The Gastroenterological Institute, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar Ilan University  Safed Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Paritski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar\u2010Ilan University  Safed Israel"},{"name":"The Pediatric Gastroenterological Unit, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar Ilan University  Safed Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Rohana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar Ilan University  Safed Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halim","family":"Roshrosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar Ilan University  Safed Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Agay\u2010Shay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar\u2010Ilan University  Safed Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avi","family":"Peretz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias 1528001, affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar Ilan University  Safed Israel"},{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar\u2010Ilan University  Safed Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15355"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. 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