{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:53:17Z","timestamp":1791960797481,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015BAI13B07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015BAI13B07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (<jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>), a gram\u2010negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach, can cause chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers, as well as gastric cancer as a Class I carcinogen. However, the modes of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> transmission are not clear. This review aims to clarify the transmission routes and patterns of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> and identify efficacious prevention measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> transmission were identified using PubMed, the Web of Science, and Cochrane Central; the retrieval deadline was October 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The transmission routes of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> are discussed, focusing on the five primary transmission routes, namely fecal\u2013oral, oral\u2013oral, gastric\u2013oral, anal\u2013oral, and genital\u2013oral. We propose that <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> is contracted through multiple transmission routes. Additionally, we summarize the key transmission patterns of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>, including person\u2010to\u2010person and animal\u2010to\u2010human transmission, as well as foodborne and occupational exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fecal\u2013oral appears to be the most common <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic> transmission routes. Although the oral\u2013oral pathway is also important, the evidence does not support that this route of transmission is universal. The gastric\u2013oral route occurs primarily in children and patients who are prone to vomiting. Meanwhile, the anal\u2013oral and genital\u2013oral routes remain hypothetical. Person\u2010to\u2010person and foodborne infections represent the predominant transmission patterns of <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>, whereas strong environmental and occupational limitations are associated with animal\u2010to\u2010human and occupational exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T16:01:36Z","timestamp":1673884896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Transmission routes and patterns of <i>helicobacter pylori<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Qilu Hospital of Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology Qilu Hospital of Shandong University  Jinan China"},{"name":"Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise 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