{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:42:27Z","timestamp":1787510547867,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) infection is linked with a wide variety of diseases and was reported in more than half of the world's population. Chronic\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and its final clinical outcome depend mainly on the bacterial virulence factors and its ability to manipulate and adapt to human immune responses. Bregs blood levels have been correlated with increased bacterial load and infection chronicity, especially Gram\u2010negative bacterial infection. This study aimed to identify prevalence and virulence factors of chronic\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection among symptomatic Egyptian patients and to examine its possible correlation to levels of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in blood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gastric biopsies and blood samples\u00a0from each of 113 adult patients, who underwent upper endoscopy, were examined for the detection of\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      by culture and PCR methods.\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/nested-polymerase-chain-reaction\">Conventional PCR<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      was used to determine various virulent genes prevalence and association to clinical outcome. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate Bregs levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence was 49.1% (55\/112). Regarding virulence genes incidence,\n                      <jats:italic>flaA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was detected in 73% (40\/55),\n                      <jats:italic>vir<\/jats:italic>\n                      B11 in 56.4% (31\/55),\n                      <jats:italic>hopZ<\/jats:italic>\n                      1 in 34.5% (19\/55),\n                      <jats:italic>hopZ2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 89% (49\/55),\n                      <jats:italic>babA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 52.7% (29\/55),\n                      <jats:italic>dup<\/jats:italic>\n                      A\n                      <jats:italic>jhp917<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 61.8% (34\/55),\n                      <jats:italic>vac<\/jats:italic>\n                      A\n                      <jats:italic>m1\/m2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 70.9% (39\/55), and\n                      <jats:italic>vac<\/jats:italic>\n                      A\n                      <jats:italic>s1\/s2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 69% (38\/55) strains. Bregs levels were significantly lower in\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010infected patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u20090.013), while total leukocyte count (TLC) showed no significant differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection prevalence was almost 49%, and the infection was found to be related to inflammatory conditions as gastritis and ulcers rather than malignant transformations. Also, we found that CD24\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells were downregulated in\n                      <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010infected patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T06:38:22Z","timestamp":1674196702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Regulatory B cells (Bregs) in\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    chronic infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6702-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noha 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