{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:07:55Z","timestamp":1787166475603,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Geographic differences exist in the antibiotic resistance patterns of\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Personalized treatment regimens based on local or individual resistance data are essential. We evaluated the current status of\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      resistance in Ningxia, analyzed resistance\u2010related factors, and assessed the concordance of phenotypic and genotypic resistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Strains were isolated from the gastric mucosa of patients infected with\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Ningxia and relevant clinical information was collected. Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility assays (Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion) and antibiotic resistance gene detection (Sanger sequencing) were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We isolated 1955\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains. The resistance rates of\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      to amoxicillin, levofloxacin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole were 0.9%, 42.4%, 40.4%, and 94.2%, respectively. Only five tetracycline\u2010resistant and one furazolidone\u2010resistant strain were identified. Overall, 3.3% of the strains were sensitive to all six antibiotics. Multidrug\u2010resistant strains accounted for 22.9%, of which less than 20% were from Wuzhong. Strains isolated from women and patients with nonulcerative disease had higher rates of resistance to levofloxacin and clarithromycin. Higher rates of resistance to metronidazole, levofloxacin, and clarithromycin were observed in the older age group than in the younger age group. The kappa coefficients of phenotypic resistance and genotypic resistance for levofloxacin and clarithromycin were 0.830 and 0.809, respectively, whereas the remaining antibiotics showed poor agreement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibiotic resistance is severe in Ningxia. Therefore, furazolidone, amoxicillin, and tetracycline are better choices for the empirical therapy of\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in this region. Host sex, age, and the presence of ulcerative diseases may affect antibiotic resistance of the bacteria. Personalized therapy based on genetic testing for levofloxacin and clarithromycin resistance may be a future direction for the eradication therapy of\n                      <jats:italic>H.\u00a0pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in Ningxia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T02:17:36Z","timestamp":1681265856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Characteristics of phenotypic antibiotic resistance of\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    and its correlation with genotypic antibiotic resistance: A retrospective study in Ningxia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Shengjuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia 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