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In this retrospective single\u2010center, case\u2013control study, the relative weight of RA and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection on aCVD was evaluated in a cohort of patients from Northern Sardinia, Italy, where both conditions are frequent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were retrieved from records of subjects undergoing upper endoscopy and screened for <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection by at least four biopsies. The presence of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> and chronic\u2010active gastritis were labeled as a current infection or a long\u2010lasting infection (LL<jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic>) when atrophy and\/or metaplasia and\/or dysplasia were detected in at least one gastric specimen. Diagnosis of aCVD and RA was made by the cardiologist and the rheumatologist, respectively, according to guidelines. Odd ratios (ORs) for aCVD were evaluated, adjusting for age, sex, excess weight, cigarette smoking, blood hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> status, and RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 4821 records (mean age 52.1\u2009\u00b1\u200916.7\u2009years; 66.0% female), <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was detected in 2262 patients, and more specifically, a LL<jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic> infection was present in 1043 (21.6%). Three\u2010hundred\u2010three (6.3%) patients were diagnosed with aCVD, and 208 (4.3%) with RA. In patients with aCVD (cases), the LL<jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic> infection (33.3% vs. 20.8%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and RA (12.2% vs. 3.8%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) were more frequent in cases compared with controls (patients without aCVD). After adjusting for traditional aCVD risk factors, ORs significantly increased for LL<jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic> infection (1.57; 95% CI 1.20\u20132.06) and RA (2.63; 95% CI 1.72\u20134.02). Interestingly, the LL<jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic> infection in patients with RA showed an overall addictive effect on the risk for aCVD (7.89; 95% CI 4.29\u201314.53).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to our findings, patients with RA should benefit from being screened and eventually treated for <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T16:44:28Z","timestamp":1696437868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection and rheumatoid arthritis as risk enhancers' factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7305-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria 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