{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:32:49Z","timestamp":1753878769671,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection is primarily acquired in childhood and can lead to peptic ulcer diseases and gastric cancer. The prevalence of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection varies widely in different countries. The aim of this study was to explore the change of pediatric <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence in the past two decades and to investigate the risk factors for pediatric <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seropositivity in southern Taiwan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study enrolled children aged 7\u201312\u2009years in Tainan City in 2018 and compared the result with our previous data in 1998, 2005, and 2010. Parents of the participants were invited to fill out questionnaires, including information of personal history, family history of peptic ulcer diseases, annual household income, and source of drinking water. Blood samples were analyzed for anti\u2010<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> IgG by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 391, 629, 618, and 488 elementary school students in Tainan City were enrolled in 1998, 2005, 2010, and 2018, respectively. There was a significant decline in <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence from 9.2% in 1998, 7.8% in 2005, 6.2% in 2010 to 4.7% in 2018 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Neither gender difference nor age difference was found in <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seropositivity in each year of enrollment. Low household income was significantly associated with pediatric <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seropositivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The seroprevalence of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection among elementary schoolchildren has remarkably declined in southern Taiwan in the past two decades. Low household income was a risk factor for pediatric <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seropositivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T09:45:05Z","timestamp":1706089505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection among schoolchildren in southern Taiwan\u2014A 20\u2010year longitudinal follow\u2010up"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Hsiao\u2010Yu","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Institutes of Clinical Medicine National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2164-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao\u2010Jong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Institutes of Clinical Medicine National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814003938"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181bab2ee"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01918.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori","volume":"61","year":"1994","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Health Promotion Administration Ministry of Health and Welfare Taiwan. 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