{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:16:51Z","timestamp":1789139811821,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is one of the most prevalent human pathogens and the leading cause of chronic infection in almost half of the population in the world (~59%). The bacterium is a major leading cause of chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and two type of malignancies, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa\u2010associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Despite the immune responses mounted by the host, the bacteria are not cleared from the body resulting in a chronic infection accompanied by a chronic inflammation. Herein, a review of the literature discussing\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigens modulating the immune responses is presented. The mechanisms that are involved in the modulation of innate immune response, include modulation of recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as modulation of recognition by toll like receptors (TLR)4 and TLR5, modulation of phagocytic function, and modulation of phagocytic killing mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). On the other hands,\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    modulates acquired immune response by the induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), modulation of apoptosis, induction of regulatory T cells, modulation of T helper (Th)1 response, and modulation of Th17 response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T05:22:52Z","timestamp":1708492972000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    antigens as immunomodulators of immune system"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Zeynab","family":"Marzhoseyni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paramedicine, Amol School of Paramedical Sciences Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine Bushehr University of Medical Sciences  Bushehr Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Ghotloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Diseases Research Center Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan Iran"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences  Kashan 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