{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:15:26Z","timestamp":1791504926192,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of eight drugs effective against <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>H. pylori)<\/jats:italic> strains and the genetic diversity of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> virulence genes to foresee clinical outcomes in North India.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010eight <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> strains isolated from patients suffering from various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases were included in the study. MICs of various antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. The chi\u2010squared test and Fisher exact test were used to determine the <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value, which was considered significant at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value \u2264 0.05. RStudio 4.0 was used to for the data visualization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of drug resistance was found to be: cefixime (CFM) (41.3%), furazolidone (FZD) (34.4%), amoxicillin (AMX) (20.7%), levofloxacin (LVFX) (70.7%), metronidazole (MTZ) (39.6%), tetracycline (TET) (20.7%), clarithromycin (CLA) (17.2%), and rifabutin (RIF) (17.2%). Out of 58 <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> strains, 3 were pan susceptible. There were <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> strains with single\u2010drug resistance (21.8%, 12\/55), dual resistance (30.9%, 17\/55), triple resistance (20%, 11\/55), and multidrug resistance (27.3%, 15\/55). The resistance rate in MTZ, CLA and RIF were found to be significantly higher in females as compared to males (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005, <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u20090.002, and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), respectively. The resistance to TET exhibited significantly higher levels in gastritis compared to GERD, DU, and other disease groups (<jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u20090.04) respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>TET, AMX, CLA, and RIF were found to be more effective antibiotics against <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infections, whereas more studies are required to provide evidence on increasing resistance rate of LVFX.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T05:49:16Z","timestamp":1715924956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> against eight antibiotics: A study from North India"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7105-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safiya","family":"Arfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University  Noida Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prateek","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University  Noida Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mithun","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Max Super Speciality Hospital  Saket New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubham","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University  Noida Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Yashoda Super Specialty Hospital  Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1202-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajashree","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University  Noida Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini","family":"Setya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Max Super Speciality Hospital  Saket New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9010026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8071071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040226"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30219-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12628"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9351801"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327745"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2015.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5540560"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02533.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.142256"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0482-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST).Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters.2023Version 13.0. Available athttp:\/\/www.eucast.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04937.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.6.1497"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-8579(93)90020-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12271"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002831"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15611"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","unstructured":"JorgensenJH.Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria; Approved Guideline.2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.539115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0305-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp457"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.9.2996-3000.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90194-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2821-2824.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.0. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.2020Available athttps:\/\/www.r\u2010project.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03174.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020332"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17420\/ap6803.447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4564-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i37.6920"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05437-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12900"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_160_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04095.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000273"}],"container-title":["Helicobacter"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hel.13093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T15:56:05Z","timestamp":1719935765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hel.13093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/hel.13093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hel.13093","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-4389","1523-5378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-4389","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-5378","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13093"}}