{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:15:21Z","timestamp":1787591721129,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]],"date-time":"2024-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Helicobacter"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of multidrug\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> species in wastewater effluents presents a formidable challenge at the intersection of environmental sustainability and public health. This study examined the presence of multidrug\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> in wastewater effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, and its implications for environmental ecosystems and public health. Forty\u2010five samples from household effluent (HHE) and wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTPE) were collected at different geographical locations within the province between April and September 2022. The counts of the presumptive <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> genus ranged from 5.2\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> to 6.03\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/mL for HHE and 4.93\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> to 1.04\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/mL for WWTPE. About 42.55% of the samples were positive for <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> species. Five virulence determinants including the <jats:italic>cad<\/jats:italic>F and <jats:italic>wla<\/jats:italic>N were detected in all the isolates; however, <jats:italic>flg<\/jats:italic>R (19.23%), <jats:italic>cia<\/jats:italic>B, and <jats:italic>ceu<\/jats:italic>E (15.38%) were less prevalent. The antibiogram profiles of confirmed <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> isolates revealed high resistance (&gt;55%) against all tested antibiotics ranging from 55.77% (nalidixic acid) to 92.30% (erythromycin), and resistance against the other antibiotics followed the order ciprofloxacin (51.92%), azithromycin (50%), and levofloxacin (48.08%). On the contrary, gentamicin was sensitive against 61.54% of the isolates, followed by imipenem (57.69%) and streptomycin (51.92%). The WWTPE's antibiotic resistance index (ARI) was 0.19, lower than the permitted Krumperman threshold of 0.2; and HHE's ARIs were higher. The isolates' respective multiple antibiotic resistance indexes (MARI) varied between 0.08 and 1.00. Among the phenotypically resistant <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> isolates examined, 21 resistance determinants encoding resistance against \u03b2\u2010lactam, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, phenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides were detected, which explains the phenotypic resistance observed in the study. This study concludes that the wastewaters in the study areas are important reservoirs of multidrug\u2010resistant and potentially pathogenic <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> species, suggesting the need for proper treatment of the wastewaters to eliminate the organisms in the effluents before discharge the final effluent to the receiving watershed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T05:23:20Z","timestamp":1716787400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of multidrug\u2010resistant <i>Campylobacter<\/i> species in wastewater effluents: A menace of environmental and public health concern"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Olufunmilayo Modupe","family":"Oluwakoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre University of Fort Hare  Alice South Africa"},{"name":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology University of Fort Hare  Alice South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Ifeanyi","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre University of Fort Hare  Alice South Africa"},{"name":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology University of Fort Hare  Alice South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2980-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20180227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00077-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.2.1181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47363-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3887-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070426"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1353-1359.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ModiS BrahmbhattMN ChaturYA NayakJB.Prevalence of Campylobacter species in milk and milk products their virulence gene profile and antibiogram.2015;8:1\u20138. doi:10.14202\/vetworld.2015.1-8.","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.1-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.035717-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"CLSI.M100\u2010S25 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial.2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"CLSI.Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 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