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The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> infection rate is decreasing due to improved living conditions and increased opportunities for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> eradication therapy in developed countries. However, concerns about NHPH infection\u2010induced gastric diseases are growing, especially low\u2010grade gastric mucosa\u2010associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Although NHPH infections have been reported for 30\u2009years, especially <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>H. suis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> infections, evidence of the correct infection rate, route of infection to humans, and direct and indirect associations with gastric diseases are insufficient. Presently, NHPH infection can be diagnosed using histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, polymerase chain reaction, culture tests, or enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays. Several basic and clinical studies have begun to report the bacteriologic characteristics and routes of NHPH infection. In addition, the high effectiveness of eradication therapy using a combination of an acid inhibitor and two types of antibiotics, which is the same eradication regimen for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> infection, has been reported. However, evidence on antibiotic resistance, appropriate dosing dosage, or drug type provided by randomized control trials is lacking. Several issues regarding the etiology, virulence, diagnosis, and treatment of NHPH infections should be addressed in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.70051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:14:24Z","timestamp":1748996064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Roles of Gastric Non\u2010<i>Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter<\/i> Species in Gastric Disease Development: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsushige","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genome\u2010Wide Infectious Microbiology Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Disease, Oita University  Yufu Oita Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiko","family":"Rimbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology II National Institute of Infectious Diseases  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genome\u2010Wide Infectious Microbiology Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Disease, Oita University  Yufu Oita Japan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine Oita University  Yufu Oita Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251603"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Infection\u2010With\u2010Helicobacter\u2010Pylori. 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