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However, the widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic\u2010resistant strains, thereby increasing the likelihood of treatment failure. This study aimed to develop a multi\u2010epitope <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> vaccine, designated P22\u2010C3, based on P22 Virus\u2010like Particles, with the objective of reducing infection rates and preventing transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The structural characteristics of P22\u2010C3 were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The safety profile of P22\u2010C3 was evaluated through a series of in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo assays. In\u00a0vitro assessments included cytotoxicity and proinflammatory factor testing. In\u00a0vivo evaluations, conducted in immunized mice, involved monitoring changes in body weight, biochemical marker fluctuations, and histopathological examinations. The antibody response and T cell\u2010mediated immunity elicited by P22\u2010C3 were quantified using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, respectively. Immune protection efficacy was assessed through a challenge experiment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>P22\u2010C3 successfully self\u2010assembled into <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097 icosahedral structures with an average diameter of 58\u2009nm. Both in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo experiments confirmed that P22\u2010C3 was safe and well\u2010tolerated. Furthermore, P22\u2010C3 elicited a dose\u2010dependent IgG response and a mixed Th1\/Th17 immune profile. In challenge experiments, mice immunized with P22\u2010C3 demonstrated reduced bacterial loads and urease levels in the stomach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>P22\u2010C3 was well\u2010tolerated and successfully induced a strong immune response, offering protection against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> infection. These properties make P22\u2010C3 a promising <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> vaccine.<\/jats:p><jats:p>It is important to note that this study was conducted solely in mice and did not involve human participants; therefore, a clinical trial registration number is not applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T05:50:02Z","timestamp":1754632202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development and Evaluation of a Multi\u2010Epitope Vaccine Based on <scp>P22<\/scp> Virus\u2010Like Particles Targeting <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yalan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan P. 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