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Recently, similar mucosal changes have been reported with non\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H. pylori<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        Helicobacter\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      (NHPH), including NHPH\u2010induced gastric mucosa\u2010associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with a nodular gastritis\u2010like appearance (NHPHi\u2010MNG) and NHPH\u2010induced nodular gastritis (NHPHi\u2010NG). However, how bacterial species differences and the presence or absence of malignancy are reflected in endoscopic appearance has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to clarify these relationships and to identify key endoscopic features that differentiate among the three clinically distinct entities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed 69 patients diagnosed at Hiroshima University Hospital between 2013 and 2024: 11 with NHPHi\u2010MNG, 12 with NHPHi\u2010NG, and 46 with HPi\u2010NG. Endoscopic findings were compared, focusing on three morphological features of the nodules (maximum diameter, size heterogeneity, and shape) and three distributional features (extent of nodularity, extension to the lower gastric body, and predominant site of nodularity), along with patient sex. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated based on combinations of these features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NHPHi\u2010MNG was differentiated from NHPHi\u2010NG with 91.3% accuracy when two or more of the three morphological criteria were satisfied. NHPHi\u2010MNG was distinguished from HPi\u2010NG with 93.0% accuracy when four or more of seven criteria were fulfilled: the three morphological features, three distributional features, and patient sex. NHPHi\u2010NG was differentiated from HPi\u2010NG with 91.4% accuracy when all three distributional features were present.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the three nodular gastric conditions, the morphological features of nodules reflected the presence or absence of malignancy, whereas the distributional features were associated with the underlying bacterial species. These findings suggest that specific endoscopic features can aid in distinguishing between benign and malignant forms of nodular gastric lesions and between infections with different\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, providing important diagnostic guidance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:19:46Z","timestamp":1760501986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Three\u2010Way Comparison of Nodular Lesions in\n                    <i>H. pylori<\/i>\n                    \u2010Induced Gastritis, Non\u2010\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter<\/i>\n                    (\n                    <scp>NHPH<\/scp>\n                    )\u2010Induced Gastritis, and\n                    <scp>NHPH<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Induced\n                    <scp>MALT<\/scp>\n                    Lymphoma Reveals Their Distinct Endoscopic Predictors: Distribution for Bacterial Etiology and Morphology for Malignancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4916-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Kitadai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6369-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidehiko","family":"Takigawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima 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