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We aimed to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of carbon ion radiotherapy (C\u2010ion RT) for HCCCL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with HCCCL treated with C\u2010ion RT at our hospital between January 2011 and December 2018 were evaluated. The total dose was 52.8 or 60\u00a0Gy (relative biological effectiveness) in four or 12 fractions depending on the distance between the tumor and the gastrointestinal tract. The survival outcome, the presence or absence of recurrence (local recurrence, intrahepatic recurrence outside the irradiation field, or extrahepatic recurrence), and acute\/late adverse events were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine patients were included. The median tumor size was 3.4\u00a0cm, and the median follow\u2010up duration was 18.3\u00a0months for all patients. No patient developed local recurrence during follow\u2010up. Five patients subsequently developed intrahepatic recurrence outside the irradiation field and two had extrahepatic metastasis. Five patients died of hepatocellular carcinoma. No acute adverse events of grade \u22652 were observed. Two patients experienced grade 2 or 3 late adverse events, including obstructive jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, and edema.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carbon ion radiotherapy for HCCCL achieved excellent local control with acceptable adverse events and can thus be a curative treatment option for HCCCL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T20:09:45Z","timestamp":1608667785000},"page":"303-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Carbon ion radiotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Shohei","family":"Okazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"},{"name":"Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Shiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhei","family":"Miyasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Osu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Motohiro","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1508-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Kakizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center  Takasaki Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5438-4551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department of General Surgical Science Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Shirabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department of General Surgical Science Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6703-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine  Maebashi Gunma Japan"},{"name":"Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center  Maebashi Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30010-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i9.1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2004.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2003.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma originated in the caudate lobe. 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