{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T13:08:13Z","timestamp":1758892093324,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Qualitative body composition (BC) change, characterized by the combination of visceral fat gain and muscle loss, is drawing attention as a risk factor for fatty liver (FL). The present study aimed to describe trends in BC change and its association with FL in the Japanese population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from medical checkups carried out on 56\u00a0639 Japanese participants every 5\u00a0years from 1997 to 2017 were analyzed. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat\u2010free mass index (FFMI) were calculated using body mass index and body fat percentage. Subjects were divided into two groups according to deviations from the correlation line of FMI and FFMI as the reference: FMI\u2010predominant BC and FFM\u2010dominant BC. Fatty liver was determined using abdominal ultrasonography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of FL significantly increased from 27.3% to 42.7% in men and from 18.0% to 25.5% in women. The prevalence of FMI predominance significantly increased from 33.6% to 43.9% in men and from 29.1% to 47.0% in women. Fat mass index predominance was independently associated with FL in men and women (odds ratio: 1.96 and 1.94, respectively). Serum blood urea nitrogen level was inversely associated with FL in men and women (0.958 and 0.961, respectively) and significantly decreased from 15.8 to 14.9\u00a0mg\/dl in men and from 15.1 to 14.0\u00a0mg\/dl in women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing FMI\u2010predominant BC and decreasing serum blood urea nitrogen level could account for the increase in the prevalence of FL over 20\u00a0years. We believe that these factors stem from current lifestyle habits in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T18:09:26Z","timestamp":1615054166000},"page":"570-579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in body composition and low blood urea nitrogen level related to an increase in the prevalence of fatty liver over 20\u00a0years: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Imamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3847-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiichi","family":"Mawatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases Department of Human and Environmental Sciences Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases Department of Human and Environmental Sciences Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases Department of Human and Environmental Sciences Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasunari","family":"Hiramine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Saishoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Kakihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manei","family":"Oku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology Kajikionsen Hospital  Aira Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Hosoyamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Kanmura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases Department of Human and Environmental Sciences Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Moriuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Miyahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Health Care Center Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Akio ido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases Department of Human and Environmental Sciences Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences  Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i37.8294"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1790-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0902-2"},{"volume-title":"The Asia\u2010Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment","year":"2000","author":"World Health Organization. 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