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Primary biliary cholangitis was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 571.6 based on alkaline phosphatase and antimitochondrial antibody measurements and ursodeoxycholic acid treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During 2002\u20132015, 2737 patients (2137 female patients; mean age, 57.78\u00a0years) had PBC. The average annual age\u2010 and sex\u2010adjusted prevalence and incidence rates of PBC were 8.092\/10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> and 1.148\/10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Prevalent cases peaked in patients aged 50\u201359\u00a0years; the female\u2010to\u2010male ratio was 4.21. Annual prevalence rates increased with time (average percentage change, 12.03%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). The annual incidence rates decreased with time (\u22127.39%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.000011) in female patients (\u22128.94%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.000003) but remained steady in male patients. Female\u2010to\u2010male and northern\u2010to\u2010southern relative risks of PBC incidence rates ranged from 2.2675 to 4.3318 and from 1.5707 to 3.1725, respectively. The 14\u2010year hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cumulative incidence was 9.11%, and the mortality rate was 32.44%; the cumulative incidences of dyslipidemia, thyroid disease, and extrahepatic cancers were 65.13%, 24.40%, and 12.79%, respectively. Higher cumulative incidences of HCC (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0064) and mortality (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) were noted in male than female PBC patients; southern Taiwan PBC patients had higher cumulative incidences of mortality (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) than their northern counterparts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Taiwan, decreasing trends in incidence rates and the female\u2010to\u2010male ratio of PBC patients and specific sex and geographic impacts on the incidence rates and outcomes of PBC demand further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T16:48:43Z","timestamp":1681577323000},"page":"866-877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characteristic geoepidemiology 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Research Center College of Medicine Chang Gung University  Keelung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong\u2010Nan","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital  Taoyuan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine College of Medicine Chang Gung University  Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming\u2010Ling","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital  Taoyuan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine College of Medicine Chang Gung University  Taoyuan 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