{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:53:18Z","timestamp":1788555198599,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Liver fibrosis, heralding the potential progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), compromises patient survival and augments post\u2010hepatectomy recurrence. This study examined the detrimental effects of liver fibrosis on the antitumor functions of liver natural killer (NK) cells and the interleukin\u201033 (IL\u201033) signaling pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our investigation, anchored in both human physiologies using living and deceased donor livers and the carbon tetrachloride (CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)\u2010induced mouse fibrosis model, aimed to show a troubling interface between liver fibrosis and weakened hepatic immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Fibrosis\u20104 (FIB\u20104) index emerged as a salient, non\u2010invasive prognostic marker, and its elevation correlated with reduced survival and heightened recurrence after HCC surgery even after propensity matching (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0385). We established a strong correlation between liver fibrosis and liver NK cell dysfunction by developing a method for extracting liver NK cells from the liver graft perfusate. Furthermore, liver fibrosis ostensibly disrupted chemokines and promoted IL\u201033 expression, impeding liver NK cell antitumor activities, as evidenced in mouse models. Intriguingly, our results implicated IL\u201033 in diminishing the antitumor responses of NK cells. This interrelation, consistent across both mouse and human studies, coincides with clinical data suggesting that liver fibrosis predisposes patients to an increased risk of HCC recurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study revealed a critical relationship between liver fibrosis and compromised tumor immunity, emphasizing the potential interference of IL\u201033 with NK cell function. These insights advocate for advanced immunostimulatory therapies targeting cytokines, such as IL\u201033, aiming to bolster the hepatic immune response against HCC in the context of liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.14102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T01:49:48Z","timestamp":1723513788000},"page":"115-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Interleukin\u201033 and liver natural killer cells: A novel perspective on antitumor activity in liver fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Yuki","family":"Imaoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"},{"name":"Division of Abdominal Transplant Department of Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine  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